Website tail: below-threshold correspondences (n ≥ 5)

334 cognate pairs

/∅/ → /n/35 pairs

→ /n/ · 35

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ˈɾe.na/	arena	/a.ˈɾej.ɐ/	areia	sand
/a.ˈβe.na/	avena	/a.ˈvɐj.ɐ/	aveia	oats
/ka.ˈðe.na/	cadena	/ka.ˈdej.ɐ/	cadeia	chain
/ˈse.na/	cena	/ˈsej.ɐ/	ceia	dinner
/ko.ˈne.xo/	conejo	/ko.ˈe.ʎu/	coelho	rabbit
/ko.ˈɾo.na/	corona	/ku.ˈɾo.ɐ/	coroa	crown
/ko.ɾo.ˈna.ða/	coronada	/ku.ɾu.ˈa.dɐ/	coroada	crowned (f.)
/ko.ɾo.ˈna.ðo/	coronado	/ku.ɾu.ˈa.du/	coroado	crowned
/ko.ɾo.na.ˈðoɾ/	coronador	/ku.ɾu.a.ˈdoʁ/	coroador	crowner
/ko.ɾo.ˈnan.do/	coronando	/ku.ɾu.ˈɐ̃.du/	coroando	crowning
/ko.ɾo.ˈnaɾ/	coronar	/ku.ɾu.ˈaʁ/	coroar	to crown
/do.ˈna.ða/	donada	/du.ˈa.dɐ/	doada	given
/do.ˈna.ðo/	donado	/du.ˈa.du/	doado	given
/do.na.ˈðoɾ/	donador	/do.a.ˈdoʁ/	doador	donor, giver
/do.ˈnan.do/	donando	/du.ˈɐ̃.du/	doando	donating
/do.ˈnaɾ/	donar	/do.ˈaʁ/	doar	to donate
/fin/	fin	/fi/	fi	end
/ˈfɾe.no/	freno	/ˈfɾej.u/	freio	bridle, brake
/in/	hin	/fi/	fi	end (engine prediction; real 'fin' /fin/ retains /f/ — likely a learned re-borrowing not subject to /f/→/h/ debuccalization)
/ˈje.na/	llena	/ˈʃej.ɐ/	cheia	full
/ˈje.no/	lleno	/ˈʃej.u/	cheio	full
/ˈlu.na/	luna	/ˈlu.ɐ/	lua	moon
/ma.ˈno.xo/	manojo	/ˈmo.ʎu/	molho	handful, bunch
/man.ˈsa.na/	manzana	/ma.ˈsɐ̃/	maçã	apple
/mo.ka.ˈsin/	mocasin	/mo.ka.ˈsĩ/	mocassim	mocasín, soft leather shoe
/mo.ka.ˈsin/	mocasín	/mo.ka.ˈsĩ/	mocassim	moccasin
/mo.ˈne.ða/	moneda	/mu.ˈe.dɐ/	moeda	coin, money
/peɾ.ˈso.na/	persona	/peʃ.ˈso.ɐ/	pessoa	person
/po.ˈneɾ/	poner	/poʁ/	pôr	to put
/te.ˈneɾ/	tener	/teʁ/	ter	to hold
/te.ˈnoɾ/	tenor	/te.ˈoʁ/	teor	tenor, content
/to.ˈna.ða/	tonada	/to.ˈa.dɐ/	toada	song, melody
/to.ˈna.ðo/	tonado	/tu.ˈa.du/	toado	thundered ≠ tuned
/ˈbe.na/	vena	/ˈvej.ɐ/	veia	vein
/jin/	yin	/jĩ/	yin	yin

/∅/ → /l/33 pairs

→ /l/ · 33

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/al.ˈkal.de/	alcalde	/ka.ˈdʒi/	cadi	mayor ≠ cadi
/ˈsje.lo/	cielo	/sɛw/	céu	sky
/ko.ˈloɾ/	color	/koʁ/	cor	color
/do.ˈleɾ/	doler	/do.ˈeʁ/	doer	to hurt
/do.ˈljen.te/	doliente	/du.ˈẽ.tʃi/	doente	suffering ≠ sick
/do.ˈloɾ/	dolor	/doʁ/	dor	pain
/ˈdul.se/	dulce	/ˈdɔ.si/	doce	sweet
/ˈi.lo/	hilo	/ˈfi.u/	fio	thread
/la/	la	/ɐ/	a	her, it (clitic + f. article)
/lo/	lo	/u/	o	him, it (clitic + neuter article)
/ˈma.la/	mala	/ma/	má	bad (f.)
/ˈma.lo/	malo	/maw/	mau	bad
/mo.ˈli.no/	molino	/mo.ˈĩ.ɲu/	moinho	mill
/pa.lo/	palo	/paw/	pau	stick, pole
/ˈpi.la/	pila	/ˈpi.ɐ/	pia	basin, font
/kin.ˈtal/	quintal	/kĩ.ˈtaw/	quintal	quintal
/sa.ˈli.ða/	salida	/sa.ˈi.dɐ/	saída	left, gone out (f.), exit
/sa.ˈli.ðo/	salido	/sa.ˈi.du/	saído	left, gone out
/sa.ˈliɾ/	salir	/sa.ˈiʁ/	sair	to leave
/sa.ˈluð/	salud	/sa.ˈu.dʒi/	saúde	health
/sa.lu.ˈða.ða/	saludada	/sa.u.ˈda.dɐ/	saudada	greeted
/sa.lu.ˈða.ðo/	saludado	/sa.u.ˈda.du/	saudado	greeted
/sa.lu.ða.ˈðoɾ/	saludador	/sa.u.da.ˈdoʁ/	saudador	greeter
/sa.lu.ˈðan.do/	saludando	/sa.u.ˈdɐ̃.du/	saudando	greeting
/sa.lu.ˈðan.te/	saludante	/sa.u.ˈdɐ̃.tʃi/	saudante	greeting
/sa.lu.ˈðaɾ/	saludar	/sa.u.ˈdaʁ/	saudar	to greet
/ˈte.la/	tela	/ˈtej.ɐ/	teia	cloth
/bo.ˈla.ða/	volada	/vu.ˈa.dɐ/	voada	flown (f.)
/bo.ˈla.ðo/	volado	/vo.ˈa.du/	voado	flown
/bo.la.ˈðoɾ/	volador	/vo.a.ˈdoʁ/	voador	flier, flying
/bo.ˈlan.do/	volando	/vo.ˈɐ̃.du/	voando	flying
/bo.ˈlaɾ/	volar	/vo.ˈaʁ/	voar	to fly
/ˈaŋ.xel/	ángel	/ˈɐ̃.ʒu/	anjo	angel

/ũ/ → /un/17 pairs

source

→ /un/ · 17

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/al.ˈɣu.no/	alguno	/aw.ˈgũ/	algum	some
/al.ˈɣun/	algún	/aw.ˈgũ/	algum	some (apocopated prenominal form of alguno)
/a.ˈtun/	atún	/a.ˈtũ/	atum	tuna
/ˈxun.ta/	junta	/ˈʒũ.tɐ/	junta	joined
/ˈxun.to/	junto	/ˈʒũ.tu/	junto	joined, together
/mun.ˈda.na/	mundana	/mũ.ˈdɐ.nɐ/	mundana	worldly
/mun.ˈda.no/	mundano	/mũ.ˈdɐ.nu/	mundano	worldly
/ˈmun.do/	mundo	/ˈmũ.du/	mundo	world
/pɾe.ɣun.ˈtaɾ/	preguntar	/peʁ.gũ.ˈtaʁ/	perguntar	to ask
/pɾo.ˈfun.da/	profunda	/pɾo.ˈfũ.dɐ/	profunda	deep
/pɾo.ˈfun.do/	profundo	/pɾo.ˈfũ.du/	profundo	deep
/se.ˈɣun.da/	segunda	/se.ˈgũ.dɐ/	segunda	second
/se.ˈɣun.do/	segundo	/se.ˈgũ.du/	segundo	second
/ʃo.ˈɣun/	shogun	/ʃo.ˈgũ/	xogum	shogún, military dictator
/taj.ˈkun/	tycoon	/taj.ˈkũ/	tycoon	tycoon
/un/	un	/ũ/	um	one, a/an (m. article)
/ˈu.no/	uno	/ũ/	um	one

/∅/ → /o/17 pairs

→ /o/ · 17

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/al.ˈɣu.no/	alguno	/aw.ˈgũ/	algum	some
/al.mo.ˈa.sa/	almohaza	/aw.mu.ˈfa.sɐ/	almofaça	currycomb
/ka.ˈka.o/	cacao	/ka.ˈkaw/	cacau	cacao
/ko.ˈloɾ/	color	/koʁ/	cor	color
/ˈkɾu.ðo/	crudo	/kɾu/	cru	raw
/do.ˈloɾ/	dolor	/doʁ/	dor	pain
/ˈdo.no/	dono	/dõ/	dom	gift
/ˈaɾ.to/	harto	/ˈfaʁ.tu/	farto	fed up, satiated
/no.ˈso.tɾos/	nosotros	/nɔʃ/	nós	we (1pl)
/no.ˈso.tɾos/	nosotros	/nɔʃ/	nós	we (1pl)
/ˈnu.ðo/	nudo	/nu/	nu	naked, knot
/po.ˈgɾo.mo/	pogromo	/po.ˈgɾɔm/	pogrom	pogromo
/ˈta.o/	tao	/taw/	tao	tao
/ti.ˈfon/	tifón	/tu.ˈfɐ̃w/	tufao	typhoon
/ˈu.no/	uno	/ũ/	um	one
/bo.ˈso.tɾos/	vosotros	/vɔʃ/	vós	you (2pl)
/bo.ˈso.tɾos/	vosotros	/vɔʃ/	vós	you (2pl)

/õ/ → /on/16 pairs

source

→ /on/ · 16

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kon/	con	/kõ/	com	with
/kon.ˈse.xo/	consejo	/kõ.ˈse.ʎu/	conselho	counsel
/kon.ˈtaɾ/	contar	/kõ.ˈtaʁ/	contar	to count
/ˈkon.tɾa/	contra	/ˈkõ.tɾɐ/	contra	against, opposite
/ˈkon.doɾ/	cóndor	/kõ.ˈdoʁ/	condor	condor
/don.ˈbu.ɾi/	donburi	/dõ.ˈbu.ɾi/	donburi	donburi, rice bowl dish
/ˈdo.no/	dono	/dõ/	dom	gift
/eŋ.kon.ˈtɾaɾ/	encontrar	/ẽ.kõ.ˈtɾaʁ/	encontrar	to find
/fu.ˈton/	futón	/fu.ˈtõ/	futon	futon
/kon.ˈja.ku/	konnyaku	/kõ.ˈa.ku/	konnyaku	konnyaku, konjac jelly
/me.ɾon.ˈpan/	melonpan	/me.ɾõ.ˈpɐ̃/	melonpan	melonpan, sweet bun
/ni.ˈon/	nihon	/ni.ˈõ/	nihon	Nihon, Japan
/ˈpon.su/	ponzu	/ˈpõ.zu/	ponzu	ponzu, citrus sauce
/res.pon.ˈdeɾ/	responder	/ʁeʃ.põ.ˈdeʁ/	responder	to answer
/ˈu.ðon/	udon	/ˈu.dõ/	udon	udon
/won.ˈton/	wonton	/wõ.ˈtõ/	wonton	wonton, dumpling

/ɐ̃/ → /am/15 pairs

source

→ /am/ · 15

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈa.am/	aham	/ˈa.ɐ̃/	aham	aham, the self
/aʃ.ˈɾam/	ashram	/aʃ.ˈɾɐ̃/	ashram	ashram
/bam.ˈbu/	bambu	/bɐ̃.ˈbu/	bambu	bambú, bamboo
/bam.ˈbu/	bambú	/bɐ̃.ˈbu/	bambu	bamboo
/kam.ˈpa.ɲa/	campaña	/ˈkɐ̃.pa.ɲɐ/	campanha	countryside
/ˈkam.po/	campo	/ˈkɐ̃.pu/	campo	field
/tʃam.ˈpu/	champú	/ʃɐ̃.ˈpo/	champô	shampoo
/ˈgam.ba/	gamba	/ˈgɐ̃.bɐ/	gamba	leg ≠ shrimp
/a.ˈmam/	hamam	/ɐ.ˈmɐ̃/	hamam	hamam, Turkish bath
/a.ˈɾam/	haram	/a.ˈɾɐ̃/	haram	haram
/ram.bu.ˈtan/	rambutan	/ʁɐ̃.bu.ˈtɐ̃/	rambutan	rambután, tropical fruit
/ram.bu.ˈtan/	rambutan	/ʁɐ̃.bu.ˈtɐ̃/	rambutao	rambután, tropical fruit
/ˈsam.bal/	sambal	/sɐ̃.ˈbaw/	sambal	sambal, chili paste
/tam.ˈbjen/	también	/tɐ̃.ˈbẽj/	também	also
/tam.ˈboɾ/	tambor	/tɐ̃.ˈboʁ/	tambor	drum

/∅/ → /e/15 pairs

→ /e/ · 15

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈaj.ɾe/	aire	/aʁ/	ar	air
/kwa.ˈɾen.ta/	cuarenta	/kwa.ˈɾẽ.tɐ/	quarenta	forty
/es.kaɾ.ˈla.ta/	escarlata	/iʃ.kaʁ.ˈla.tʃi/	escarlate	scarlet
/es.ˈnaps/	esnaps	/ʃnapʃ/	schnaps	schnapps
/es.ˈβas.ti.ka/	esvástica	/ˈswaʃ.tʃi.kɐ/	suástica	esvástica
/no.ˈβen.ta/	noventa	/no.ˈvẽ.tɐ/	noventa	ninety
/o.ˈtʃen.ta/	ochenta	/oj.ˈtẽ.tɐ/	oitenta	eighty
/po.ˈneɾ/	poner	/poʁ/	pôr	to put
/se.ˈsen.ta/	sesenta	/se.ˈsẽ.tɐ/	sessenta	sixty
/se.ˈten.ta/	setenta	/se.ˈtẽ.tɐ/	setenta	seventy
/es.ˈpjel/	spiel	/ʃpiw/	spiel	spiel, sales pitch
/es.tɾu.ˈðel/	strudel	/iʃ.tɾu.ˈdew/	strudel	strudel
/te.ˈneɾ/	tener	/teʁ/	ter	to hold
/be.ˈniɾ/	venir	/viʁ/	vir	to come
/ˈaŋ.xel/	ángel	/ˈɐ̃.ʒu/	anjo	angel

/õ/ → /om/13 pairs

source

→ /om/ · 13

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kom.ˈpɾa.ða/	comprada	/kõ.ˈpɾa.dɐ/	comprada	bought
/kom.ˈpɾa.ðo/	comprado	/kõ.ˈpɾa.du/	comprado	bought
/kom.pɾa.ˈðoɾ/	comprador	/kõ.pɾa.ˈdoʁ/	comprador	buyer
/kom.ˈpɾan.do/	comprando	/kõ.ˈpɾɐ̃.du/	comprando	buying
/kom.ˈpɾan.te/	comprante	/kõ.ˈpɾɐ̃.tʃi/	comprante	buying, buyer
/kom.ˈpɾaɾ/	comprar	/kõ.ˈpɾaʁ/	comprar	to buy
/ˈkom.bu/	kombu	/ˈkõ.bu/	kombu	kombu, edible kelp
/kom.ˈbu.tʃa/	kombucha	/kõ.ˈbu.tʃɐ/	kombucha	kombucha
/om/	om	/õ/	om	om, sacred syllable
/rom.ˈpeɾ/	romper	/ʁõ.ˈpeʁ/	romper	to break
/rom.ˈpjen.do/	rompiendo	/ʁõ.ˈpẽ.du/	rompendo	breaking (gerund)
/rom.ˈpjen.te/	rompiente	/ʁõ.ˈpẽ.tʃi/	rompente	breaking
/ʃa.ˈlom/	shalom	/ʃa.ˈlõ/	shalom	shalom

/ɐ̃w/ → /an/12 pairs

source

→ /an/ · 12

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.la.ˈkɾan/	alacrán	/a.la.ˈkɾɐ̃w/	alacrão	scorpion
/al.ki.ˈtɾan/	alquitrán	/aw.ka.ˈtɾɐ̃w/	alcatrão	tar
/a.sa.ˈfɾan/	azafrán	/a.sa.ˈfɾɐ̃w/	açafrão	saffron
/kan/	can	/kɐ̃w/	cão	dog
/ka.pi.ˈtan/	capitán	/ka.pi.ˈtɐ̃w/	capitão	captain
/ko.ˈɾan/	corán	/aw.ku.ˈɾɐ̃w/	alcorão	Quran
/u.ɾa.ˈkan/	huracán	/fu.ɾa.ˈkɐ̃w/	furacão	hurricane
/kan/	kan	/kɐ̃w/	cao	kan, Mongol/Turkic ruler
/pan/	pan	/pɐ̃w/	pão	bread
/ra.ma.ˈðan/	ramadán	/ʁɐ.ma.ˈdɐ̃w/	ramadão	ramadán
/sul.ˈtan/	sultán	/suw.ˈtɐ̃w/	sultão	sultán
/tan/	tan	/tɐ̃w/	tão	so, so much (apocopated)

/ɐ̃w/ → /on/12 pairs

source

→ /on/ · 12

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/al.go.ˈðon/	algodón	/aw.gu.ˈdɐ̃w/	algodão	cotton
/ba.ˈɾon/	barón	/ba.ˈɾɐ̃w/	barão	baron
/kaɾ.ˈβon/	carbón	/kaʁ.ˈvɐ̃w/	carvão	coal
/la.ˈðɾon/	ladrón	/la.ˈdɾɐ̃w/	ladrão	thief
/le.ˈon/	león	/le.ˈɐ̃w/	leão	lion
/li.ˈmon/	limón	/li.ˈmɐ̃w/	limão	lemon
/mon.ˈton/	montón	/mõ.ˈtɐ̃w/	montão	heap, pile
/ra.ˈson/	razón	/ʁa.ˈzɐ̃w/	razão	reason
/ra.ˈson/	razón	/ʁa.ˈzɐ̃w/	razão	reason
/sa.ˈson/	sazón	/sa.ˈzɐ̃w/	sazão	season, ripeness
/ti.βu.ˈɾon/	tiburón	/tu.ba.ˈɾɐ̃w/	tubarão	shark
/ba.ˈɾon/	varón	/ba.ˈɾɐ̃w/	barão	male, man

/u/ → /o/12 pairs

source

→ /o/ · 12

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈkoɾ.ta/	corta	/ˈkuʁ.tɐ/	curta	short (f.)
/ˈkoɾ.to/	corto	/ˈkuʁ.tu/	curto	short
/kos.ˈtaɾ/	costar	/kuʃ.ˈtaʁ/	custar	to cost
/dos/	dos	/ˈdu.aʃ/	duas	two (f.)
/fɾa.ˈðje.jo/	fradiello	/fɾa.ˈɛ.lu/	fraelu	little brother (Late Latin diminutive of FRATER)
/goŋ.ˈfu/	gongfu	/kuŋ.ˈfu/	kung-fu	kung fu
/ˈmo.mja/	momia	/ˈmu.mjɐ/	múmia	mummy
/ˈo.sa/	osa	/ˈuʁ.sɐ/	ursa	she-bear
/ˈo.so/	oso	/ˈuʁ.su/	urso	bear
/ˈsa.ɣo/	sago	/sa.ˈgu/	sagu	sago, palm starch
/ˈsoɾ.ða/	sorda	/ˈsuʁ.dɐ/	surda	deaf (f.)
/ˈsoɾ.ðo/	sordo	/ˈsuʁ.du/	surdo	deaf

/∅/ → /∅⟨h⟩/11 pairs

→ /∅⟨h⟩/ · 11

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/al.mo.ˈa.sa/	almohaza	/aw.mu.ˈfa.sɐ/	almofaça	currycomb
/a.ˈɾi.na/	harina	/fa.ˈɾĩ.ɲɐ/	farinha	flour
/eɾ.ˈma.na/	hermana	/iʁ.ˈmɐ̃/	irmã	sister
/eɾ.ˈma.no/	hermano	/iʁ.ˈmɐ̃w/	irmão	brother
/ˈje.lo/	hielo	/ˈʒe.lu/	gelo	frost, ice
/ˈjeɾ.βa/	hierba	/ˈɛʁ.vɐ/	erva	grass
/ˈwe.so/	hueso	/ˈo.su/	osso	bone
/ˈwe.βo/	huevo	/ˈo.vu/	ovo	egg
/ma.a.ɾa.ˈxa/	maharajá	/ma.ɾa.ˈʒa/	marajá	maharaja, Indian prince
/sa/	sah	/ʃa/	xa	shah, Persian king
/sa/	sah	/ʃa/	xá	shah, Persian king

/∅/ → /ð/11 pairs

→ /ð/ · 11

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈkɾu.ða/	cruda	/ˈkɾu.ɐ/	crua	raw
/ˈkɾu.ðo/	crudo	/kɾu/	cru	raw
/fɾa.ˈðje.jo/	fradiello	/fɾa.ˈɛ.lu/	fraelu	little brother (Late Latin diminutive of FRATER)
/ˈgɾa.ðo/	grado	/gɾaw/	grau	step, degree
/meɾ.ˈseð/	merced	/meʁ.ˈse/	mercê	mercy, favor
/ˈnu.ða/	nuda	/ˈnu.ɐ/	nua	naked
/ˈnu.ðo/	nudo	/nu/	nu	naked, knot
/su.ða.ˈðoɾ/	sudador	/su.a.ˈdoʁ/	suador	sweater
/su.ˈðan.do/	sudando	/su.ˈɐ̃.du/	suando	sweating
/su.ˈðan.te/	sudante	/su.ˈɐ̃.tʃi/	suante	sweating
/su.ˈðaɾ/	sudar	/su.ˈaʁ/	suar	to sweat

/∅/ → /a/9 pairs

→ /a/ · 9

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.la.ˈkɾan/	alacrán	/la.ˈkɾaw/	lacrau	scorpion
/al.ˈkal.de/	alcalde	/ka.ˈdʒi/	cadi	mayor ≠ cadi
/ka.ˈka.o/	cacao	/ka.ˈkaw/	cacau	cacao
/es.ˈβas.ti.ka/	esvástica	/ˈswaʃ.tʃi.kɐ/	suástica	esvástica
/ˈa.βa/	haba	/ˈfa.vɐ/	fava	broad bean
/ma.a.ɾa.ˈxa/	maharajá	/ma.ɾa.ˈʒa/	marajá	maharaja, Indian prince
/na.ˈɾaŋ.xa/	naranja	/la.ˈɾɐ̃.ʒɐ/	laranja	orange (fruit)
/sa.ˈe.ta/	saeta	/ˈse.tɐ/	seta	arrow
/ˈjo.ka.i/	yokai	/ˈjo.kaj/	yokai	yokai

/ɐ̃w/ → /ano/9 pairs

source

→ /ano/ · 9

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kɾist.ˈja.no/	cristiano	/kɾiʃ.ˈtɐ̃w/	cristão	Christian
/es.kɾi.ˈβa.no/	escribano	/eʃ.kɾi.ˈvɐ̃w/	escrivão	scribe, notary
/ˈgɾa.no/	grano	/gɾɐ̃w/	grão	grain
/eɾ.ˈma.no/	hermano	/iʁ.ˈmɐ̃w/	irmão	brother
/ˈja.no/	llano	/ʃɐ̃w/	chão	flat, plain
/ˈma.no/	mano	/mɐ̃w/	mão	hand
/ˈba.no/	vano	/vɐ̃w/	vão	empty, vain
/be.ˈɾa.no/	verano	/ve.ˈɾɐ̃w/	verão	summer
/bi.ˈja.no/	villano	/vi.ˈlɐ̃w/	vilão	serf, villain

/v/ → /∅/9 pairs

source

→ /∅/ · 9

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/lo.ˈa.ða/	loada	/low.ˈva.dɐ/	louvada	praised (f.)
/lo.ˈa.ðo/	loado	/low.ˈva.du/	louvado	praised
/lo.a.ˈðoɾ/	loador	/low.va.ˈdoʁ/	louvador	praiser
/lo.ˈan.do/	loando	/low.ˈvɐ̃.du/	louvando	praising
/lo.ˈan.te/	loante	/low.ˈvɐ̃.tʃi/	louvante	praising
/lo.ˈaɾ/	loar	/low.ˈvaʁ/	louvar	to praise
/o.ˈi.ða/	oída	/ow.ˈvi.dɐ/	ouvida	heard (f.)
/o.ˈi.ðo/	oído	/ow.ˈvi.du/	ouvido	heard
/o.ˈiɾ/	oír	/ow.ˈviʁ/	ouvir	to hear

/ẽ/ → /e/8 pairs

source

→ /e/ · 8

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ˈle.ɲa/	alheña	/aw.ˈfẽ.nɐ/	alfena	henna
/ˈe.no/	heno	/ˈfẽ.nu/	feno	hay
/ˈle.ɲo/	leño	/ˈlẽ.ɲu/	lenho	wood, log
/ˈme.nos/	menos	/ˈmẽ.nuʃ/	menos	less
/ˈpe.na/	pena	/ˈpẽ.nɐ/	pena	penalty, sorrow
/se.ˈɾe.na/	serena	/se.ˈɾẽ.nɐ/	serena	serene, calm (f.)
/se.ˈɾe.no/	sereno	/se.ˈɾẽ.nu/	sereno	serene, calm
/be.ˈne.no/	veneno	/ve.ˈnẽ.nu/	veneno	poison

/ɐ̃/ → /ana/8 pairs

source

→ /ana/ · 8

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.βe.ˈja.na/	avellana	/a.ve.ˈlɐ̃/	avelã	hazelnut
/eɾ.ˈma.na/	hermana	/iʁ.ˈmɐ̃/	irmã	sister
/ˈla.na/	lana	/lɐ̃/	lã	wool
/man.ˈsa.na/	manzana	/ma.ˈsɐ̃/	maçã	apple
/ma.ˈɲa.na/	mañana	/mɐ.ˈɲɐ̃/	manhã	morning, tomorrow
/ˈra.na/	rana	/ʁɐ̃/	rã	frog
/ˈsa.na/	sana	/sɐ̃/	sã	healthy
/ˈba.na/	vana	/vɐ̃/	vã	vain

/∅/ → /∅⟨g⟩/8 pairs

→ /∅⟨g⟩/ · 8

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/feŋ.ˈʃwi/	feng-shui	/fẽ.ˈʃwi/	feng-shui	feng shui
/feŋ.ˈʃwi/	feng-shui	/fẽʃ.ˈwaj/	fengshui	feng shui
/goŋ/	gong	/ˈgõ.gu/	gongo	gong, struck percussion
/goŋ.ˈfu/	gongfu	/kuŋ.ˈfu/	kung-fu	kung fu
/kuŋ.ˈfu/	kung-fu	/kuŋ.ˈfu/	kung-fu	kung-fu
/o.ɾa.ŋu.ˈtan/	orangutan	/o.ɾɐ̃.go.ˈtɐ̃.gu/	orangotango	orangutan, great ape of Borneo/Sumatra
/o.ɾa.ŋu.ˈtan/	orangutan	/o.ɾɐ̃.u.ˈtɐ̃/	orangutan	orangutan, great ape of Borneo/Sumatra
/jaŋ/	yang	/jɐ̃/	yang	yang

/ĩ/ → /im/7 pairs

source

→ /im/ · 7

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/al.ˈki.mja/	alquimia	/aw.ˈkĩ.ja/	alquimia	alchemy
/ˈdim.sum/	dim-sum	/ˈdʒĩ.sɐ̃/	dimsum	dim-sum
/ˈdim.san/	dimsum	/ˈdʒĩ.sɐ̃/	dimsum	dim sum
/im.poɾ.ˈtan.te/	importante	/ĩ.poʁ.ˈtɐ̃.tʃi/	importante	important
/ˈkim.bap/	kimbap	/ˈkĩ.bap/	kimbap	kimbap, Korean rice-and-seaweed roll
/ˈlim.pi.ða/	límpida	/ˈlĩ.pi.dɐ/	límpida	clear, transparent (f.)
/ˈlim.pi.ðo/	límpido	/ˈlĩ.pi.du/	límpido	clear, transparent

/dʒ/ → /d/7 pairs

source

→ /d/ · 7

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈkan.di.ða/	cándida	/ˈkɐ̃.dʒi.dɐ/	cândida	candid (f.)
/ˈkan.di.ðo/	cándido	/ˈkɐ̃.dʒi.du/	cândido	candid, white
/ˈdon.de/	donde	/ˈõ.dʒi/	onde	where
/ˈgɾan.de/	grande	/ˈgɾɐ̃.dʒi/	grande	big
/man.ˈdjo.ka/	mandioca	/mɐ̃.dʒi.ˈo.kɐ/	mandioca	manioc, cassava
/men.ˈdi.ɣo/	mendigo	/mẽ.ˈdʒi.gu/	mendigo	beggar
/ˈpan.di.ta/	pandita	/ˈpɐ̃.dʒi.tɐ/	pandita	pandit

/ĩ/ → /i/6 pairs

source

→ /i/ · 6

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kaɾ.me.ˈsi/	carmesí	/kaʁ.me.ˈzĩ/	carmesim	crimson
/mo.ka.ˈsin/	mocasin	/mo.ka.ˈsĩ/	mocassim	mocasín, soft leather shoe
/mo.ka.ˈsin/	mocasín	/mo.ka.ˈsĩ/	mocassim	moccasin
/mi/	mí	/mĩ/	mim	me (after preposition)
/ˈti.mi.ða/	tímida	/ˈtʃĩ.mi.dɐ/	tímida	timid (f.)
/ˈti.mi.ðo/	tímido	/ˈtʃĩ.mi.du/	tímido	timid, shy

/ɐ̃/ → /an/6 pairs

source

→ /an/ · 6

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ka.ta.ma.ˈɾan/	catamaran	/ka.tɐ.ma.ˈɾɐ̃/	catamara	catamarán, double-hulled boat
/ˈdim.san/	dimsum	/ˈdʒĩ.sɐ̃/	dimsum	dim sum
/di.ˈβan/	diván	/dʒi.ˈvɐ̃/	divã	divan, couch
/i.ˈman/	imán	/i.ˈmɐ̃/	imã	imán
/nan/	naan	/nɐ̃/	naan	naan, Indian flatbread
/san.ˈja.sin/	sannyasin	/sɐ̃.ˈja.zĩ/	sannyasin	sannyasin, Hindu renunciant

/∅/ → /ɾ/6 pairs

→ /ɾ/ · 6

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ko.ko.ˈðɾi.lo/	cocodrilo	/kɾo.ko.ˈdʒi.lu/	crocodilo	crocodile
/e.ˈroɾ/	error	/ˈe.ʁu/	erro	error
/aɾ.ˈtaɾ/	hartar	/faʁ.ˈtaʁ/	fartar	to fill, to satiate
/no.ˈso.tɾos/	nosotros	/nɔʃ/	nós	we (1pl)
/ˈsaŋ.gɾe/	sangre	/ˈsɐ̃.gi/	sangue	blood
/bo.ˈso.tɾos/	vosotros	/vɔʃ/	vós	you (2pl)

/ẽ/ → /jem/6 pairs

source

→ /jem/ · 6

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/di.ˈsjem.bɾe/	diciembre	/de.ˈzẽ.bɾu/	dezembro	December
/ˈmjem.bɾo/	miembro	/ˈmẽ.bɾu/	membro	limb, member
/no.ˈβjem.bɾe/	noviembre	/no.ˈvẽ.bɾu/	novembro	November
/se.ˈtjem.bɾe/	setiembre	/se.ˈtẽ.bɾu/	setembro	September
/ˈsjem.pɾe/	siempre	/ˈsẽ.pɾi/	sempre	always
/ˈtjem.po/	tiempo	/ˈtẽ.pu/	tempo	time

/ẽ/ → /eŋ/6 pairs

source

→ /eŋ/ · 6

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈeŋ.ka/	enka	/ˈẽ.kɐ/	enka	enka, Japanese ballad genre
/feŋ.ˈʃwi/	feng-shui	/fẽ.ˈʃwi/	feng-shui	feng shui
/feŋ.ˈʃwi/	feng-shui	/fẽʃ.ˈwaj/	fengshui	feng shui
/feŋʃ.ˈwaj/	fengshui	/fẽ.ˈʃwi/	feng-shui	feng shui
/feŋʃ.ˈwaj/	fengshui	/fẽʃ.ˈwaj/	fengshui	feng shui
/ˈxeŋ.ga/	jenga	/ˈʒẽ.gɐ/	jenga	jenga

/ẽ/ → /n/5 pairs

source

→ /n/ · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kwa.ˈɾen.ta/	cuarenta	/kwa.ˈɾẽ.tɐ/	quarenta	forty
/no.ˈβen.ta/	noventa	/no.ˈvẽ.tɐ/	noventa	ninety
/o.ˈtʃen.ta/	ochenta	/oj.ˈtẽ.tɐ/	oitenta	eighty
/se.ˈsen.ta/	sesenta	/se.ˈsẽ.tɐ/	sessenta	sixty
/se.ˈten.ta/	setenta	/se.ˈtẽ.tɐ/	setenta	seventy

/ẽj/ → /en/5 pairs

source

→ /en/ · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/en/	en	/ẽj/	em	in
/i.ˈma.xen/	imagen	/i.ˈma.ʒẽj/	imagem	image
/ˈxo.βen/	joven	/ˈʒɔ.vẽj/	jovem	young person
/ˈmaɾ.xen/	margen	/ˈmaɾ.ʒẽj/	margem	margin, edge
/o.ˈɾi.xen/	origen	/ɔ.ˈɾi.ʒẽj/	origem	origin

/õ/ → /oŋ/5 pairs

source

→ /oŋ/ · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/goŋ/	gong	/gõ/	gong	gong, struck percussion
/goŋ.ˈfu/	gongfu	/gõ.ˈfu/	gongfu	kung fu
/tʃi.ˈɣoŋ/	qigong	/tʃi.ˈgõ/	qigong	qigong
/toŋ.ˈka.tsu/	tonkatsu	/tõ.ˈka.tsu/	tonkatsu	tonkatsu, pork cutlet
/ˈtɾoŋ.ko/	tronco	/ˈtɾõ.ku/	tronco	trunk

/∅/ → /k/5 pairs

→ /k/ · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/lek.ˈsjon/	lección	/le.ˈsɐ̃w/	lição	lesson, lecture
/sek.ˈsjon/	sección	/se.ˈsɐ̃w/	seção	section
/ˈseks.ta/	sexta	/ˈsɛjʃ.tɐ/	sexta	sixth (f.)
/ˈseks.to/	sexto	/ˈseʃ.tu/	sexto	sixth
/ˈteks.to/	texto	/ˈtɛjʃ.tu/	texto	text