A Refactoring of Spanish & Portuguese · companion data
G-lenition-pt
This chapter in the Iberian edition: Chapter 4b.8
126 cognate pairs
Sources
Outcomes
/g, ɡ/⟨g⟩ → /ɣ/126 pairs
source
/g/
→ /ɣ/⟨g⟩ · 116
outcome
/ɣ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈa.ɣɾo/ | agro | /ˈa.gɾu/ | agro | field (literary) |
| /ˈal.ɣo/ | algo | /ˈaw.gu/ | algo | something |
| /ˈi.ɣo/ | higo | /ˈfi.gu/ | figo | fig |
| /ˈla.ɣo/ | lago | /ˈla.gu/ | lago | lake |
| /a.ˈɣu.ða/ | aguda | /a.ˈgu.dɐ/ | aguda | sharp |
| /a.ˈɣu.xa/ | aguja | /a.ˈgu.ʎɐ/ | agulha | needle |
| /a.ˈmi.ɣa/ | amiga | /ɐ.ˈmi.gɐ/ | amiga | friend |
| /ˈdiɣ.no/ | digno | /ˈdʒig.nu/ | digno | worthy |
| /xu.ˈɣaɾ/ | jugar | /ʒu.ˈgaʁ/ | jogar | to play |
| /ˈlaɾ.ɣa/ | larga | /ˈlaʁ.gɐ/ | larga | wide |
| /le.ˈɣal/ | legal | /le.ˈgaw/ | legal | legal |
| /ˈja.ɣa/ | llaga | /ˈʃa.gɐ/ | chaga | wound |
| /lu.ˈɣaɾ/ | lugar | /lu.ˈgaʁ/ | lugar | place |
| /ˈmaɣ.na/ | magna | /ˈmag.nɐ/ | magna | great (f.) |
| /ˈma.ɣɾa/ | magra | /ˈma.gɾɐ/ | magra | thin |
| /ne.ˈɣaɾ/ | negar | /ne.ˈgaʁ/ | negar | to deny |
| /ˈne.ɣɾa/ | negra | /ˈne.gɾɐ/ | negra | black |
| /pa.ˈɣaɾ/ | pagar | /pa.ˈgaʁ/ | pagar | to pay |
| /ro.ˈɣaɾ/ | rogar | /ʁo.ˈgaʁ/ | rogar | to beg, plead |
| /sa.ˈɣas/ | sagaz | /sa.ˈgaʃ/ | sagaz | sagacious, shrewd |
| /se.ˈɣaɾ/ | segar | /se.ˈgaʁ/ | segar | to cut, harvest |
| /ˈsiɣ.no/ | signo | /ˈsig.nu/ | signo | sign |
| /ba.ˈɣaɾ/ | vagar | /va.ˈgaʁ/ | vagar | to wander |
| /ˈbeɾ.ɣa/ | verga | /ˈveʁ.gɐ/ | verga | rod, switch |
| /bi.ˈɣoɾ/ | vigor | /vi.ˈgoʁ/ | vigor | vigor, strength |
| /a.ˈɣos.ta/ | agosta | /a.ˈgoʃ.tɐ/ | agosta | august (f.) |
| /a.ˈmaɾ.ɣa/ | amarga | /ɐ.ˈmaʁ.gɐ/ | amarga | bitter (f.) |
| /fi.ˈɣu.ɾa/ | figura | /fi.ˈgu.ɾɐ/ | figura | figure, shape |
| /le.ˈɣa.ða/ | legada | /le.ˈga.dɐ/ | legada | tied (f.) |
| /je.ˈɣaɾ/ | llegar | /ʃe.ˈgaʁ/ | chegar | to arrive |
| /ne.ˈɣa.ða/ | negada | /ne.ˈga.dɐ/ | negada | denied (f.) |
| /pa.ˈɣa.ða/ | pagada | /pa.ˈga.dɐ/ | pagada | paid (f.) |
| /ro.ˈɣa.ða/ | rogada | /ʁu.ˈga.dɐ/ | rogada | asked, begged (f.) |
| /ru.ˈɣo.so/ | rugoso | /ʁu.ˈgo.zu/ | rugoso | wrinkled, rugged |
| /se.ˈɣa.ða/ | segada | /se.ˈga.dɐ/ | segada | mowed, harvested (f.) |
| /se.ˈɣu.ɾa/ | segura | /se.ˈgu.ɾɐ/ | segura | sure, safe |
| /ba.ˈɣa.ða/ | vagada | /va.ˈga.dɐ/ | vagada | wandered (f.) |
| /a.laɾ.ˈɣaɾ/ | alargar | /a.laʁ.ˈgaʁ/ | alargar | to lengthen ≠ to widen |
| /an.ˈti.ɣwa/ | antigua | /ɐ̃.ˈtʃi.gɐ/ | antiga | ancient (f.) |
| /kon.ˈmi.ɣo/ | conmigo | /ko.ˈmi.gu/ | comigo | with me |
| /kon.ˈsi.ɣo/ | consigo | /ko.ˈzi.gu/ | consigo | with him/herself |
| /kon.ˈti.ɣo/ | contigo | /ko.ˈtʃi.gu/ | contigo | with you |
| /oɾ.ˈmi.ɣa/ | hormiga | /fuʁ.ˈmi.gɐ/ | formiga | ant |
| /i.ˈɣle.sja/ | iglesia | /i.ˈgɾe.ʒɐ/ | igreja | church |
| /le.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | legador | /le.ga.ˈdoʁ/ | legador | binder, bequeather |
| /je.ˈɣa.ða/ | llegada | /ʃe.ˈga.dɐ/ | chegada | arrival, arrived (f.) |
| /ˈla.ɣɾi.ma/ | lágrima | /ˈla.gɾi.mɐ/ | lágrima | tear |
| /men.ˈdi.ɣo/ | mendigo | /mẽ.ˈdʒi.gu/ | mendigo | beggar |
| /mi.ˈla.ɣɾo/ | milagro | /mi.ˈla.ɡɾi/ | milagre | miracle |
| /ne.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | negador | /ne.ga.ˈdoʁ/ | negador | denier |
| /pa.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | pagador | /pa.ga.ˈdoʁ/ | pagador | payer |
| /pe.ˈli.ɣɾo/ | peligro | /pe.ˈɾi.ɡu/ | perigo | danger |
| /ro.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | rogador | /ʁo.ga.ˈdoʁ/ | rogador | asker, supplicant |
| /se.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | segador | /se.ga.ˈdoʁ/ | segador | reaper, harvester |
| /ba.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | vagador | /va.ga.ˈdoʁ/ | vagador | wanderer (rare) |
| /a.laɾ.ˈɣa.ða/ | alargada | /a.laʁ.ˈga.dɐ/ | alargada | lengthened ≠ widened |
| /en.tɾe.ˈɣaɾ/ | entregar | /ẽ.tɾe.ˈgaʁ/ | entregar | to hand over |
| /a.laɾ.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | alargador | /a.laʁ.ga.ˈdoʁ/ | alargador | lengthener, extender |
| /pɾe.ɣun.ˈtaɾ/ | preguntar | /peʁ.gũ.ˈtaʁ/ | perguntar | to ask |
| /ˈfwe.ɣo/ | fuego | /ˈfo.gu/ | fogo | fire |
| /ˈxwe.ɣo/ | juego | /ˈʒo.gu/ | jogo | game |
| /ˈlwe.ɣo/ | luego | /ˈlɔ.gu/ | logo | soon, then |
| /ˈre.ɣla/ | regla | /ˈʁɛ.gɾɐ/ | regra | rule |
| /al.ˈɣu.no/ | alguno | /aw.ˈgũ/ | algum | some |
| /pa.ˈɣa.na/ | pagana | /pa.ˈgɐ.nɐ/ | pagana | pagan |
| /xi.ˈɣan.te/ | gigante | /ʒi.ˈgɐ̃.tʃi/ | gigante | giant |
| /ne.ˈɣan.do/ | negando | /ne.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | negando | denying |
| /ne.ˈɣan.te/ | negante | /ne.ˈgɐ̃.tʃi/ | negante | denying |
| /pa.ˈɣan.do/ | pagando | /pa.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | pagando | paying |
| /pa.ˈɣan.te/ | pagante | /pa.ˈgɐ̃.tʃi/ | pagante | paying |
| /ro.ˈɣan.do/ | rogando | /ʁu.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | rogando | asking, begging |
| /ro.ˈɣan.te/ | rogante | /ʁu.ˈgɐ̃.tʃi/ | rogante | asking, petitioner |
| /se.ˈɣan.do/ | segando | /se.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | segando | mowing |
| /se.ˈɣun.da/ | segunda | /se.ˈgũ.dɐ/ | segunda | second |
| /ba.ˈɣan.do/ | vagando | /va.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | vagando | wandering |
| /ba.ˈɣan.te/ | vagante | /va.ˈgɐ̃.tʃi/ | vagante | wandering, vagrant |
| /e.le.ˈɣan.te/ | elegante | /e.le.ˈgɐ̃.tʃi/ | elegante | elegant |
| /a.laɾ.ˈɣan.do/ | alargando | /a.laʁ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | alargando | lengthening ≠ widening |
| /a.laɾ.ˈɣan.te/ | alargante | /a.laʁ.ˈgɐ̃.tʃi/ | alargante | lengthening ≠ widening |
| /al.ˈɣun/ | algún | /aw.ˈgũ/ | algum | some (apocopated prenominal form of alguno) |
| /le.ˈɣan.do/ | legando | /le.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | legando | binding (gerund; archaic) |
| /a.ˈɣa/ | agá | /a.ˈga/ | agá | agá |
| /ˈda.ɣa/ | daga | /ˈda.gɐ/ | daga | dagger |
| /a.ˈðaɾ.ɣa/ | adarga | /a.ˈdaʁ.gɐ/ | adarga | small leather shield |
| /ˈbuɾ.ɣo/ | burgo | /ˈbuʁ.gu/ | burgo | town (archaic, retained in placenames) |
| /ˈtɾe.ɣwa/ | tregua | /ˈtɾɛ.gwɐ/ | trégua | truce |
| /ˈfu.ɣu/ | fugu | /ˈfu.gu/ | fugu | fugu, pufferfish |
| /i.ˈɣlu/ | iglú | /i.ˈglu/ | iglu | igloo |
| /ˈra.ɣa/ | raga | /ˈʁa.gɐ/ | raga | raga |
| /ˈsa.ɣo/ | sago | /ˈsa.gu/ | sago | sago, palm starch |
| /sa.ˈɣu/ | sagu | /sa.ˈgu/ | sagu | sagú, palm starch |
| /ˈju.ɣa/ | yuga | /ˈju.gɐ/ | yuga | yuga, cosmic age |
| /eɣ.ˈjo/ | aegyo | /eg.ˈjo/ | aegyo | aegyo |
| /ˈxa.ɣat/ | jagat | /ʒa.ˈgat/ | jagat | jagat, the world |
| /ˈla.ɣeɾ/ | lager | /ˈla.geʁ/ | lager | lager, bottom-fermented beer |
| /o.ˈa.ɣi/ | ohagi | /o.ˈa.gi/ | ohagi | ohagi, sweet rice ball |
| /jo.ˈɣuɾ/ | yogur | /jo.ˈguʁ.tʃi/ | iogurte | yogur |
| /i.ki.ˈɣa.i/ | ikigai | /i.ki.ˈga.i/ | ikigai | ikigai, "reason for being" |
| /xa.ˈɣwaɾ/ | jaguar | /ʒa.ˈgwaʁ/ | jaguar | jaguar |
| /ˈtʃi.ɣe/ | jjigae | /ˈʃi.gi/ | jjigae | jjigae, Korean stew |
| /ni.ˈɣi.ɾi/ | nigiri | /ni.ˈgi.ɾi/ | nigiri | nigiri, hand-pressed sushi |
| /ˈra.ku.ɣo/ | rakugo | /ˈʁa.ku.gu/ | rakugo | rakugo, comic storytelling |
| /bul.ˈgo.ɣi/ | bulgogi | /buw.ˈgo.gi/ | bulgogi | bulgogi, grilled beef |
| /ka.ˈɾa.a.ɣe/ | karaage | /ka.ˈɾa.a.gi/ | karaage | karaage |
| /o.ni.ˈɣi.ɾi/ | onigiri | /o.ni.ˈgi.ɾi/ | onigiri | onigiri |
| /wa.ˈɣa.ʃi/ | wagashi | /wɐ.ˈga.ʃi/ | wagashi | wagashi |
| /ka.ˈki.ɣo.ɾi/ | kakigori | /ka.ˈki.go.ɾi/ | kakigori | kakigori, shaved ice |
| /ˈsa.ɣo/ | sago | /sa.ˈgu/ | sagu | sago, palm starch |
| /sa.ˈɣu/ | sagu | /ˈsa.gu/ | sago | sagú, palm starch |
| /ˈjo.ɣa/ | yoga | /ˈjɔ.gɐ/ | ioga | yoga |
| /ˈʃo.ɣi/ | shogi | /ˈʃɔ.gi/ | shogi | shogi, Japanese chess |
| /i.ˈɣwa.na/ | iguana | /i.ˈgwɐ.nɐ/ | iguana | iguana |
| /tʃi.ˈɣoŋ/ | qigong | /tʃi.ˈgõ/ | qigong | qigong |
| /ʃo.ˈɣun/ | shogun | /ʃo.ˈgũ/ | xogum | shogún, military dictator |
| /o.ɾi.ˈɣa.mi/ | origami | /o.ɾi.ˈgɐ.mi/ | origami | origami |
| /pje.ˈɾo.ɣi/ | pierogi | /pje.ˈɾɔ.gi/ | pierogi | pierogi |
→ /g/⟨g⟩ · 8
outcome/g/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /al.ˈma.gɾe/ | almagre | /aw.ˈma.gɾi/ | almagre | red ochre |
| /al.go.ˈðon/ | algodón | /aw.gu.ˈdɐ̃w/ | algodão | cotton |
| /ˈduɾ.ga/ | durga | /ˈduʁ.gɐ/ | durga | Durga, Hindu goddess |
| /bul.ˈgo.ɣi/ | bulgogi | /buw.ˈgo.gi/ | bulgogi | bulgogi, grilled beef |
| /baj.ˈɾag.ja/ | vairagya | /vaj.ˈɾa.gjɐ/ | vairagya | vairagya, dispassion |
| /po.ˈgɾom/ | pogrom | /po.ˈgɾɔm/ | pogrom | pogrom, organized massacre |
| /wi.ˈgwam/ | wigwam | /wi.ˈgwɐ̃/ | wigwam | wigwam |
| /po.ˈgɾo.mo/ | pogromo | /po.ˈgɾɔm/ | pogrom | pogromo |
→ /∅⟨h⟩/⟨h⟩ · 1
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a.ˈo.ɾa/ | ahora | /a.ˈgɔ.ɾɐ/ | agora | now |
→ /k/⟨c⟩ · 1
outcome
/k/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /se.ˈkɾe.to/ | secreto | /se.ˈgɾe.du/ | segredo | secret |