A Refactoring of Spanish & Portuguese · companion data
G-lenition
253 cognate pairs
Sources
Outcomes
/tʃ/⟨ch⟩ → /t/30 pairs
source
/tʃ/ 
/tʃ/
→ /t/⟨t⟩ · 24
outcome
/t/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈdi.tʃa/ | dicha | /ˈdi.tɐ/ | dita | said |
| /lu.ˈtʃaɾ/ | luchar | /lu.ˈtaɾ/ | lutar | to fight |
| /e.ˈtʃu.ɾa/ | hechura | /fej.ˈtu.ɾɐ/ | feitura | creation, workmanship |
| /le.ˈtʃa.ðo/ | lechado | /lej.ˈta.du/ | leitado | milked ≠ suckled |
| /di.tʃa.ˈðoɾ/ | dichador | /di.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | ditador | speaker ≠ dictator |
| /es.ku.ˈtʃaɾ/ | escuchar | /iʃ.ku.ˈtaɾ/ | escutar | to listen |
| /di.ˈtʃaɾ/ | dichar | /di.ˈtaɾ/ | ditar | to dictate, say (archaic; modern uses dictar) |
| /fɾe.ˈtʃo/ | frecho | /ˈfɾej.tu/ | freito | broken (archaic; modern uses fracto/quebrado) |
| /di.ˈtʃa.ða/ | dichada | /di.ˈta.dɐ/ | ditada | dictated (f., archaic; modern dictada) |
| /ˈo.tʃo/ | ocho | /ˈoj.tu/ | oito | eight |
| /ˈe.tʃa/ | hecha | /ˈfej.tɐ/ | feita | done (f.) |
| /ˈle.tʃe/ | leche | /ˈlej.tɨ/ | leite | milk |
| /ˈle.tʃo/ | lecho | /ˈlej.tu/ | leito | bed |
| /ˈno.tʃe/ | noche | /ˈnoj.tɨ/ | noite | night |
| /ˈno.tʃe/ | noche | /ˈõ.tɐ̃j/ | ontem | night ≠ yesterday |
| /ˈpe.tʃo/ | pecho | /ˈpej.tu/ | peito | chest |
| /ˈte.tʃo/ | techo | /ˈtej.tu/ | teito | roof, ceiling |
| /de.ˈɾe.tʃa/ | derecha | /di.ˈɾej.tɐ/ | direita | right |
| /o.ˈtʃen.ta/ | ochenta | /oj.ˈtẽ.tɐ/ | oitenta | eighty |
| /es.ˈtɾe.tʃa/ | estrecha | /iʃ.ˈtɾej.tɐ/ | estreita | tight, narrow |
| /le.ˈtʃan.te/ | lechante | /lej.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/ | leitante | suckling, milk-giving |
| /ˈko.tʃa/ | cocha | /ˈkoj.tɐ/ | coita | cooked (archaic) |
| /di.ˈtʃan.do/ | dichando | /di.ˈtɐ̃.du/ | ditando | dictating (gerund, archaic; modern dictando) |
| /di.ˈtʃan.te/ | dichante | /di.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/ | ditante | dictating (archaic) |
→ /ʃ/⟨ch⟩ · 4
outcome/ʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈli.tʃi/ | lichi | /ˈli.ʃi.ɐ/ | lichia | lichi |
| /ˈtʃi.tʃa/ | chicha | /ˈʃi.ʃɐ/ | chicha | chicha |
| /ˈʃo.tʃu/ | shochu | /ˈʃɔ.ʃu/ | shochu | shochu, distilled spirit |
| /ko.tʃu.ˈdʒan/ | gochujang | /ko.ʃu.ˈdʒɐ̃/ | gochujang | gochujang, chili paste |
→ /tʃ/⟨ch⟩ · 1
outcome/tʃ/ /tʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /kom.ˈbu.tʃa/ | kombucha | /kõ.ˈbu.tʃɐ/ | kombucha | kombucha |
→ /ɐ/⟨u⟩ · 1
outcome
/ɐ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈke.tʃup/ | kétchup | /ˈkɛ.tʃɐ.pɨ/ | ketchup | ketchup |
/tʃ/⟨ch, c, jj, q⟩ → /ʃ/31 pairs
source/tʃ/ /tʃ/
→ /ʃ/⟨ch⟩ · word initial, before /i/ · 5
outcome/ʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈtʃi.no/ | chino | /ˈʃi.nu/ | chino | Chinese |
| /tʃit/ | chit | /ʃit/ | chit | chit, consciousness |
| /ˈtʃi.tʃa/ | chicha | /ˈʃi.ʃɐ/ | chicha | chicha |
| /tʃin.ˈtʃi.ʎa/ | chinchilla | /ʃin.ˈʃi.lɐ/ | chinchila | chinchilla |
| /tʃi.ˈmek/ | chimaek | /ʃi.ˈmɛk/ | chimaek | chimaek, chicken-and-beer |
→ /tʃ/⟨ch⟩ · word initial, before /i/ · 1
outcome/tʃ/ /tʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈtʃi.le/ | chile | /ˈtʃi.lɨ/ | chile | chili pepper |
→ /∅⟨c⟩/⟨c⟩ · word initial, before /i/ · 1
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈtʃi.ta/ | citta | /ˈitʃ.tɐ/ | citta | citta, mind / consciousness |
→ /ʃ/⟨jj⟩ · word initial, before /i/ · 1
outcome/ʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈtʃi.ɣe/ | jjigae | /ˈʃi.gɨ/ | jjigae | jjigae, Korean stew |
→ /tʃ/⟨q⟩ · word initial, before /i/ · 1
outcome/tʃ/ /tʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /tʃi.ˈɣoŋ/ | qigong | /tʃi.ˈgõ/ | qigong | qigong |
→ /ʃ/⟨ch⟩ · word initial, not before /i/ · 12
outcome/ʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈtʃu.ro/ | churro | /ˈʃu.ʁu/ | churro | fried dough pastry |
| /tʃam.ˈpan/ | champan | /ʃɐ̃.ˈpɐ.ɲɨ/ | champanhe | champagne |
| /tʃaj/ | chai | /ʃaj/ | chai | chai, spiced tea |
| /ˈtʃu.ɲo/ | chuño | /ˈʃu.ɲu/ | chunho | chuño (freeze-dried potato) |
| /ˈtʃe.βol/ | chaebol | /ˈʃe.bɔl/ | chaebol | chaebol, Korean conglomerate |
| /tʃa.ˈpa.ti/ | chapati | /ʃɐ.ˈpa.ti/ | chapati | chapati, flatbread |
| /ˈtʃa.θu.ke/ | chazuke | /ˈʃa.zu.kɨ/ | chazuke | chazuke, rice with tea |
| /tʃut.ˈnej/ | chutney | /ʃut.ˈnej/ | chutney | chutney, Indian condiment |
| /tʃa.ˈɾan.go/ | charango | /ʃa.ˈɾan.gu/ | charango | charango |
| /tʃo.ko.ˈla.te/ | chocolate | /ʃu.ku.ˈla.tɨ/ | chocolate | chocolate |
| /tʃam.ˈpu/ | champú | /ʃɐ̃.ˈpo/ | champô | shampoo |
| /ˈtʃan.dɾa/ | chandra | /ˈʃɐ̃.dɾɐ/ | chandra | Chandra, Hindu moon god |
→ /tʃ/⟨ch⟩ · word initial, not before /i/ · 1
outcome/tʃ/ /tʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈtʃa.kɾa/ | chakra | /ˈtʃa.kɾɐ/ | chakra | chakra |
→ /ʃ/⟨ch⟩ · not word initial · 4
outcome/ʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /glitʃ/ | glitch | /gliʃ/ | glitch | glitch, malfunction |
| /ˈpon.tʃo/ | poncho | /ˈpon.ʃu/ | poncho | poncho |
| /tʃin.ˈtʃi.ʎa/ | chinchilla | /ʃin.ˈʃi.lɐ/ | chinchila | chinchilla |
| /ˈxap.tʃe/ | japchae | /ʒɐp.ˈʃe/ | japchae | japchae, Korean glass noodles |
→ /tʃ/⟨ch⟩ · not word initial · 3
outcome/tʃ/ /tʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈkim.tʃi/ | kimchi | /ˈkim.tʃi/ | kimchi | kimchi |
| /ˈsen.tʃa/ | sencha | /ˈsẽ.tʃɐ/ | sencha | sencha, green tea |
| /ban.ˈtʃan/ | banchan | /bɐ̃.ˈtʃɐ̃/ | banchan | banchan, Korean side dishes |
→ /ʃ/⟨s⟩ · not word initial · 1
outcome/ʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /kitʃ/ | kitsch | /kiʃ/ | kitsch | kitsch |
→ /ʃ/⟨sch⟩ · not word initial · 1
outcome/ʃ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /mentʃ/ | mensch | /mẽʃ/ | mensch | mensch, decent person |
/ɣ, g, ŋg/⟨g, gu, ng, gh⟩ → /g/192 pairs
source
/ɣ/ 
/g/ 
/ŋ/ /g/
→ /g/⟨g⟩ · 178
outcome/g/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈa.ɣɾo/ | agro | /ˈa.gɾu/ | agro | field, agriculture |
| /ˈal.ɣo/ | algo | /ˈaɫ.gu/ | algo | something |
| /ˈga.ta/ | gata | /ˈga.tɐ/ | gata | female cat |
| /ˈi.ɣo/ | higo | /ˈfi.gu/ | figo | fig |
| /ˈla.ɣo/ | lago | /ˈla.gu/ | lago | lake |
| /a.ˈɣu.ða/ | aguda | /ɐ.ˈgu.dɐ/ | aguda | sharp |
| /a.ˈɣu.xa/ | aguja | /ɐ.ˈgu.ʎɐ/ | agulha | needle |
| /a.ˈmi.ɣa/ | amiga | /ɐ.ˈmi.gɐ/ | amiga | friend |
| /ˈdiɣ.no/ | digno | /ˈdig.nu/ | digno | worthy |
| /ˈga.ʎo/ | gallo | /ˈga.lu/ | galo | rooster, cock |
| /ga.ˈnaɾ/ | ganar | /gɐ.ˈɲaɾ/ | ganhar | to gain |
| /ˈgɾa.ta/ | grata | /ˈgɾa.tɐ/ | grata | grateful, pleasing (f.) |
| /ˈgɾa.βe/ | grave | /ˈgɾa.vɨ/ | grave | heavy, serious |
| /xu.ˈɣaɾ/ | jugar | /ʒu.ˈgaɾ/ | jogar | to play |
| /ˈlaɾ.ɣa/ | larga | /ˈlaɾ.gɐ/ | larga | wide, long |
| /le.ˈɣal/ | legal | /lɨ.ˈgaɫ/ | legal | legal |
| /ˈʎa.ɣa/ | llaga | /ˈʃa.gɐ/ | chaga | wound |
| /lu.ˈɣaɾ/ | lugar | /lu.ˈgaɾ/ | lugar | place |
| /ˈmaɣ.na/ | magna | /ˈmag.nɐ/ | magna | great, magnificent (f.) |
| /ˈma.ɣɾa/ | magra | /ˈma.gɾɐ/ | magra | lean (meat) |
| /ne.ˈɣaɾ/ | negar | /nɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | negar | to deny |
| /ˈne.ɣɾa/ | negra | /ˈne.gɾɐ/ | negra | black |
| /pa.ˈɣaɾ/ | pagar | /pɐ.ˈgaɾ/ | pagar | to pay |
| /ro.ˈɣaɾ/ | rogar | /ʁu.ˈgaɾ/ | rogar | to beg, plead |
| /sa.ˈɣaθ/ | sagaz | /sɐ.ˈgaʃ/ | sagaz | sagacious, shrewd |
| /se.ˈɣaɾ/ | segar | /sɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | segar | to harvest, mow |
| /ˈsiɣ.no/ | signo | /ˈsig.nu/ | signo | sign |
| /ba.ˈɣaɾ/ | vagar | /vɐ.ˈgaɾ/ | vagar | to wander, roam |
| /ˈbeɾ.ɣa/ | verga | /ˈveɾ.gɐ/ | verga | rod, switch |
| /bi.ˈɣoɾ/ | vigor | /vi.ˈgoɾ/ | vigor | vigor, strength |
| /a.ˈɣos.to/ | agosto | /ɐ.ˈgoʃ.tu/ | agosto | August |
| /a.ˈmaɾ.ɣa/ | amarga | /ɐ.ˈmaɾ.gɐ/ | amarga | bitter (f.) |
| /fi.ˈɣu.ɾa/ | figura | /fi.ˈgu.ɾɐ/ | figura | figure, shape |
| /fɾu.ˈɣal/ | frugal | /fɾu.ˈgaɫ/ | frugal | frugal |
| /le.ˈɣa.ða/ | legada | /lɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | legada | tied (f.) |
| /ʎe.ˈɣaɾ/ | llegar | /ʃɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | chegar | to arrive |
| /ne.ˈɣa.ða/ | negada | /nɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | negada | denied (f.) |
| /pa.ˈɣa.ða/ | pagada | /pɐ.ˈga.dɐ/ | pagada | paid (f.) |
| /ro.ˈɣa.ða/ | rogada | /ʁu.ˈga.dɐ/ | rogada | asked, begged (f.) |
| /ru.ˈɣo.so/ | rugoso | /ʁu.ˈgo.zu/ | rugoso | wrinkled, rugged |
| /se.ˈɣa.ða/ | segada | /sɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | segada | mowed, harvested (f.) |
| /se.ˈɣu.ɾa/ | segura | /sɨ.ˈgu.ɾɐ/ | segura | sure, safe |
| /ba.ˈɣa.ða/ | vagada | /vɐ.ˈga.dɐ/ | vagada | wandered (f.) |
| /a.laɾ.ˈɣaɾ/ | alargar | /ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈgaɾ/ | alargar | to lengthen ≠ to widen |
| /an.ˈti.ɣwa/ | antigua | /ɐ̃.ˈti.gɐ/ | antiga | ancient (f.) |
| /kon.ˈmi.ɣo/ | conmigo | /ku.ˈmi.gu/ | comigo | with me |
| /kon.ˈsi.ɣo/ | consigo | /kõ.ˈsi.gu/ | consigo | with him/herself |
| /kon.ˈti.ɣo/ | contigo | /kõ.ˈti.gu/ | contigo | with you |
| /ga.ˈʎi.na/ | gallina | /gɐ.ˈli.ɲɐ/ | galinha | hen |
| /glo.ˈβo.so/ | globoso | /glu.ˈbo.zu/ | globoso | globular |
| /gus.ˈto.so/ | gustoso | /guʃ.ˈto.zu/ | gostoso | tasty |
| /oɾ.ˈmi.ɣa/ | hormiga | /fuɾ.ˈmi.gɐ/ | formiga | ant |
| /i.ˈɣle.sja/ | iglesia | /i.ˈgɾe.ʒɐ/ | igreja | church |
| /le.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | legador | /lɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | legador | binder, bequeather |
| /ʎe.ˈɣa.ða/ | llegada | /ʃɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | chegada | arrival, arrived (f.) |
| /ˈla.ɣɾi.ma/ | lágrima | /ˈla.gɾi.mɐ/ | lágrima | tear |
| /men.ˈdi.ɣo/ | mendigo | /mẽ.ˈdi.gu/ | mendigo | beggar |
| /ne.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | negador | /nɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | negador | denier |
| /pa.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | pagador | /pɐ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | pagador | payer |
| /ro.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | rogador | /ʁu.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | rogador | asker, supplicant |
| /se.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | segador | /sɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | segador | reaper, harvester |
| /ba.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | vagador | /vɐ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | vagador | wanderer (rare) |
| /a.laɾ.ˈɣa.ða/ | alargada | /ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈga.dɐ/ | alargada | lengthened ≠ widened |
| /en.tɾe.ˈɣaɾ/ | entregar | /ẽ.tɾɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | entregar | to hand over |
| /glo.ˈɾjo.sa/ | gloriosa | /glu.ˈɾjo.zɐ/ | gloriosa | glorious (f.) |
| /gɾa.βe.ˈðað/ | gravedad | /gɾɐ.vi.ˈda.dɨ/ | gravidade | gravity, seriousness |
| /gwaɾ.ˈða.ða/ | guardada | /gwɐɾ.ˈda.dɐ/ | guardada | guarded, kept (f.) |
| /le.ˈɣum.bɾe/ | legumbre | /lɨ.ˈgu.mɨ/ | legume | pulse, legume |
| /a.laɾ.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | alargador | /ɐ.lɐɾ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | alargador | lengthener, extender |
| /gwaɾ.ða.ˈðoɾ/ | guardador | /gwɐɾ.dɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | guardador | guardian, keeper |
| /pɾe.ɣun.ˈtaɾ/ | preguntar | /pɨɾ.gũ.ˈtaɾ/ | perguntar | to ask |
| /ˈgo.ta/ | gota | /ˈgɔ.tɐ/ | gota | drop |
| /ˈfwe.ɣo/ | fuego | /ˈfo.gu/ | fogo | fire |
| /ˈgam.ba/ | gamba | /ˈgɐm.bɐ/ | gamba | shrimp (re-borrowed from Italian; native Iberian form displaced) |
| /ˈgɾa.ðo/ | grado | /gɾaw/ | grau | step, degree |
| /ˈgɾa.no/ | grano | /gɾɐ̃w/ | grão | grain |
| /ˈgus.to/ | gusto | /ˈgoʃ.tu/ | gosto | taste |
| /ˈxwe.ɣo/ | juego | /ˈʒo.gu/ | jogo | game |
| /ˈlwe.ɣo/ | luego | /ˈlɔ.gu/ | logo | soon, then |
| /ˈre.ɣla/ | regla | /ˈʁɛ.gɾɐ/ | regra | rule |
| /al.ˈɣu.no/ | alguno | /aɫ.ˈgũ/ | algum | some |
| /ˈglo.ɾja/ | gloria | /ˈglɔ.ɾjɐ/ | glória | glory |
| /ˈgɾan.de/ | grande | /ˈgɾɐ̃.dɨ/ | grande | big |
| /ˈgɾwe.sa/ | gruesa | /ˈgɾɔ.sɐ/ | grossa | thick, big |
| /ˈleŋ.gwa/ | lengua | /ˈlĩ.gwɐ/ | língua | tongue, language |
| /pa.ˈɣa.na/ | pagana | /pɐ.ˈgɐ.nɐ/ | pagana | pagan |
| /do.ˈmiŋ.go/ | domingo | /du.ˈmĩ.gu/ | domingo | Sunday |
| /xi.ˈɣan.te/ | gigante | /ʒi.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | gigante | giant |
| /le.ˈɣan.te/ | legante | /lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | legante | binding (rare; modern uses ligante) |
| /ne.ˈɣan.te/ | negante | /nɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | negante | denying |
| /pa.ˈɣan.te/ | pagante | /pɐ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | pagante | paying, payer |
| /ro.ˈɣan.te/ | rogante | /ʁu.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | rogante | asking, petitioner |
| /se.ˈɣun.da/ | segunda | /sɨ.ˈgũ.dɐ/ | segunda | second |
| /ba.ˈɣan.te/ | vagante | /vɐ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | vagante | wandering, vagrant |
| /e.le.ˈɣan.te/ | elegante | /i.lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | elegante | elegant |
| /a.laɾ.ˈɣan.te/ | alargante | /ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | alargante | lengthening ≠ widening |
| /gwaɾ.ˈðan.te/ | guardante | /gwɐɾ.ˈdɐ̃.tɨ/ | guardante | guarding |
| /al.ˈɣun/ | algún | /aɫ.ˈgũ/ | algum | some (apocopated) |
| /ˈlweŋ.go/ | luengo | /ˈlõ.gu/ | longo | long (archaic) |
| /le.ˈɣan.do/ | legando | /lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | legando | binding (gerund; archaic) |
| /ne.ˈɣan.do/ | negando | /nɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | negando | denying (gerund) |
| /pa.ˈɣan.do/ | pagando | /pɐ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | pagando | paying (gerund) |
| /ro.ˈɣan.do/ | rogando | /ʁu.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | rogando | asking, begging (gerund) |
| /se.ˈɣan.do/ | segando | /sɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | segando | mowing, harvesting (gerund) |
| /ba.ˈɣan.do/ | vagando | /vɐ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | vagando | wandering (gerund) |
| /a.laɾ.ˈɣan.do/ | alargando | /ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | alargando | lengthening (gerund) |
| /gwaɾ.ˈðan.do/ | guardando | /gwɐɾ.ˈdɐ̃.du/ | guardando | guarding (gerund) |
| /a.ˈɣa/ | agá | /ɐ.ˈga/ | agá | agá |
| /gul/ | gul | /guɫ/ | gul | gul |
| /ˈda.ɣa/ | daga | /ˈda.gɐ/ | daga | dagger |
| /gɾis/ | gris | /gɾiʃ/ | gris | gray |
| /al.ˈma.gɾe/ | almagre | /aɫ.ˈma.gɾɨ/ | almagre | red ochre |
| /gwaɾ.ˈðaɾ/ | guardar | /gwɐɾ.ˈdaɾ/ | guardar | to keep, save, guard |
| /ˈbuɾ.ɣo/ | burgo | /ˈbuɾ.gu/ | burgo | town (archaic, retained in placenames) |
| /a.ˈðaɾ.ɣa/ | adarga | /ɐ.ˈdaɾ.gɐ/ | adarga | small leather shield (archaic / Moorish) |
| /ˈgan.so/ | ganso | /ˈgɐ̃.su/ | ganso | goose |
| /ˈtɾe.ɣwa/ | tregua | /ˈtɾɛ.gwɐ/ | trégua | truce |
| /al.ɣo.ˈðon/ | algodón | /aɫ.gu.ˈdɐ̃w/ | algodão | cotton |
| /ˈfu.ɣu/ | fugu | /ˈfu.gu/ | fugu | fugu, pufferfish |
| /ˈge.ta/ | geta | /ˈge.tɐ/ | geta | geta, Japanese clogs |
| /ˈgu.na/ | guna | /ˈgu.nɐ/ | guna | guna, attribute / quality |
| /gu.ˈɾu/ | gurú | /gu.ˈɾu/ | guru | guru |
| /i.ˈɣlu/ | iglú | /i.ˈglu/ | iglu | igloo |
| /ˈra.ɣa/ | raga | /ˈʁa.gɐ/ | raga | raga |
| /ˈsa.ɣo/ | sago | /ˈsa.gu/ | sago | sago, palm starch |
| /sa.ˈɣu/ | sagu | /sɐ.ˈgu/ | sagu | sagú, palm starch |
| /ˈʝu.ɣa/ | yuga | /ˈju.gɐ/ | yuga | yuga, cosmic age |
| /eɣ.ˈʝo/ | aegyo | /ɨg.ˈjo/ | aegyo | aegyo |
| /ˈduɾ.ga/ | durga | /ˈduɾ.gɐ/ | durga | Durga, Hindu goddess |
| /ˈgo.an/ | gohan | /ˈgo.ɐ̃/ | gohan | gohan, cooked rice |
| /ˈgo.lem/ | golem | /ˈgo.lẽ/ | golem | golem |
| /ˈxa.ɣat/ | jagat | /ʒɐ.ˈgat/ | jagat | jagat, the world |
| /ˈla.ɣeɾ/ | lager | /ˈla.gɨɾ/ | lager | lager, bottom-fermented beer |
| /ˈmaŋ.ga/ | manga | /mɐ̃.ˈga/ | mangá | manga (Japanese comic) |
| /o.ˈa.ɣi/ | ohagi | /u.ˈa.gi/ | ohagi | ohagi, sweet rice ball |
| /ˈwag.ʝu/ | wagyu | /ˈwag.ju/ | wagyu | wagyu |
| /ʝo.ˈɣuɾ/ | yogur | /jɔ.ˈguɾ.tɨ/ | iogurte | yogurt |
| /glitʃ/ | glitch | /gliʃ/ | glitch | glitch, malfunction |
| /goŋ.ˈfu/ | gongfu | /gõ.ˈfu/ | gongfu | kung fu |
| /gu.ˈlaʃ/ | gulash | /gu.ˈla.ʃɨ/ | gulache | gulash |
| /gu.ˈlaʃ/ | gulash | /gu.ˈlaʃ/ | gulash | gulash |
| /i.ˈɣwa.na/ | iguana | /i.ˈgwa.nɐ/ | iguana | iguana |
| /i.ki.ˈɣa.i/ | ikigai | /i.ki.ˈga.i/ | ikigai | ikigai, "reason for being" |
| /xa.ˈɣwaɾ/ | jaguar | /ʒɐ.ˈgwaɾ/ | jaguar | jaguar |
| /ˈtʃi.ɣe/ | jjigae | /ˈʃi.gɨ/ | jjigae | jjigae, Korean stew |
| /ni.ˈɣi.ɾi/ | nigiri | /ni.ˈgi.ɾi/ | nigiri | nigiri, hand-pressed sushi |
| /po.ˈgɾom/ | pogrom | /pu.ˈgɾo.mu/ | pogromo | pogrom, organized massacre |
| /ˈra.ku.ɣo/ | rakugo | /ˈʁa.ku.gu/ | rakugo | rakugo, comic storytelling |
| /bul.ˈgo.ɣi/ | bulgogi | /buɫ.ˈgo.gi/ | bulgogi | bulgogi, grilled beef |
| /ga.ˈne.ʃa/ | ganesha | /gɐ.ˈne.ʃɐ/ | ganesha | Ganesha, Hindu deity |
| /ka.ˈɾa.a.ɣe/ | karaage | /kɐ.ˈɾa.ɐ.gɨ/ | karaage | karaage |
| /o.ni.ˈɣi.ɾi/ | onigiri | /u.ni.ˈgi.ɾi/ | onigiri | onigiri |
| /o.ɾi.ˈɣa.mi/ | origami | /u.ɾi.ˈga.mi/ | origami | origami |
| /po.ˈgɾo.mo/ | pogromo | /pu.ˈgɾo.mu/ | pogromo | pogromo |
| /wa.ˈɣa.ʃi/ | wagashi | /wɐ.ˈga.ʃi/ | wagashi | wagashi |
| /tʃa.ˈɾan.go/ | charango | /ʃa.ˈɾan.gu/ | charango | charango |
| /glas.ˈnost/ | glasnost | /glɐʒ.ˈnoʃt/ | glasnost | glasnost |
| /ka.ˈki.ɣo.ɾi/ | kakigori | /kɐ.ˈki.gu.ɾi/ | kakigori | kakigori, shaved ice |
| /baj.ˈɾag.ʝa/ | vairagya | /vɐj.ˈɾa.gjɐ/ | vairagya | vairagya, dispassion |
| /goŋ/ | gong | /gõ/ | gong | gong, struck percussion |
| /ˈsa.ɣo/ | sago | /sɐ.ˈgu/ | sagu | sago, palm starch |
| /sa.ˈɣu/ | sagu | /ˈsa.gu/ | sago | sagú, palm starch |
| /ˈʝo.ɣa/ | yoga | /ˈjɔ.gɐ/ | ioga | yoga |
| /ˈdaŋ.go/ | dango | /ˈdɐ̃.gu/ | dango | dango, rice dumpling |
| /ˈgaŋ.ga/ | ganga | /ˈgɐ̃.gɐ/ | ganga | Ganga, Hindu goddess of the Ganges |
| /ˈgʝo.θa/ | gyoza | /ˈgjɔ.zɐ/ | gyoza | gyoza, fried dumpling |
| /ˈxeŋ.ga/ | jenga | /ˈʒẽ.gɐ/ | jenga | jenga |
| /ˈmaŋ.go/ | mango | /ˈmɐ̃.gɐ/ | manga | mango |
| /ˈʃo.ɣi/ | shogi | /ˈʃɔ.gi/ | shogi | shogi, Japanese chess |
| /ˈaŋ.gul/ | hangul | /ˈɐ̃.guɫ/ | hangul | hangul |
| /ˈxuŋ.gla/ | jungla | /ˈʒɐ̃.gaw/ | jângal | jungle |
| /tʃi.ˈɣoŋ/ | qigong | /tʃi.ˈgõ/ | qigong | qigong |
| /ʃo.ˈɣun/ | shogun | /ʃu.ˈgũ/ | xogum | shogun, military dictator |
| /wi.ˈgwam/ | wigwam | /wi.ˈgwɐ̃/ | wigwam | wigwam |
| /pje.ˈɾo.ɣi/ | pierogi | /pjɨ.ˈɾɔ.gi/ | pierogi | pierogi |
| /buŋ.ˈga.lo/ | bungalow | /bɐ̃.ga.ˈlo/ | bangalo | bungalow, single-story house |
| /gwa.ka.ˈmo.le/ | guacamole | /gwɐ.kɐ.ˈmɔ.lɨ/ | guacamole | guacamole |
| /o.ɾaŋ.gu.ˈtan/ | orangután | /u.ɾɐ̃.gu.ˈtɐ̃.gu/ | orangotango | orangutan |
→ /g/⟨gu⟩ · 5
outcome/g/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈsaŋ.gɾe/ | sangre | /ˈsɐ̃.gɨ/ | sangue | blood |
| /ˈgi.sa/ | guisa | /ˈgi.zɐ/ | guisa | guisa, manner |
| /gi.ˈsaɾ/ | guisar | /gi.ˈzaɾ/ | guisar | to cook, stew |
| /ˈge.ra/ | guerra | /ˈgɛ.ʁɐ/ | guerra | war |
| /ˈge.i.ʃa/ | geisha | /ˈge.i.ʃɐ/ | gueixa | geisha, traditional entertainer |
→ /ʒ/⟨g⟩ · 3
outcome
/ʒ/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /kin.ˈtsu.ɣi/ | kintsugi | /kĩ.ˈtsu.ʒi/ | kintsugi | kintsugi, golden-joinery repair |
| /ˈʝo.ɣi/ | yogi | /ˈjɔ.ʒi/ | yogi | yogui, yoga practitioner |
| /ba.ˈɣel/ | bagel | /ba.ˈʒɛw/ | bagel | bagel |
→ /ɡ/⟨g⟩ · 2
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /mi.ˈla.ɣɾo/ | milagro | /mi.ˈla.ɡɾɨ/ | milagre | miracle |
| /pe.ˈli.ɣɾo/ | peligro | /pɨ.ˈɾi.ɡu/ | perigo | danger |
→ /f/⟨f⟩ · 1
outcome
/f/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /al.ɣa.ˈro.βa/ | algarroba | /aɫ.fɐ.ˈʁɔ.bɐ/ | alfarroba | carob |
→ /k/⟨k⟩ · 1
outcome
/k/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /goŋ.ˈfu/ | gongfu | /kuŋ.ˈfu/ | kung-fu | kung fu |
→ /g/⟨gh⟩ · 1
outcome/g/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈsaŋ.ga/ | sangha | /ˈsɐ̃.gɐ/ | sangha | sangha, Buddhist community |
→ /k/⟨c⟩ · 1
outcome/k/
| ES IPA | Spanish | PT IPA | Portuguese | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /ˈsi.glo/ | siglo | /ˈsɛ.ku.lu/ | século | century |