Sibilants-pt

1,237 cognate pairs

/z, ʃ, s, ʒ/⟨s⟩ → /s/426 pairs

source

→ /s/⟨s⟩ · 414

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/si/	sí	/si/	si	himself/herself (after preposition)
/mes/	mes	/meʃ/	mês	month
/sal/	sal	/saɫ/	sal	salt
/seð/	sed	/ˈse.dɨ/	sede	thirst
/seɾ/	ser	/seɾ/	ser	to be
/ˈu.so/	uso	/ˈu.zu/	uso	use
/ˈas.na/	asna	/ˈaʒ.nɐ/	asna	female donkey
/ˈka.sa/	casa	/ˈka.zɐ/	casa	house
/ˈka.so/	caso	/ˈka.zu/	caso	case
/ˈes.te/	este	/ˈeʃ.tɨ/	este	this (m.)
/ˈme.sa/	mesa	/ˈme.zɐ/	mesa	table
/ˈri.sa/	risa	/ˈʁi.zu/	riso	laughter
/ˈsa.ko/	saco	/ˈsa.ku/	saco	sack, bag
/ˈse.ka/	seca	/ˈse.kɐ/	seca	dry
/ˈse.ða/	seda	/ˈse.dɐ/	seda	silk
/sejs/	seis	/sejʃ/	seis	six
/ˈsu.ʝa/	suya	/ˈsu.ɐ/	sua	his/her (tonic, f.)
/tɾes/	tres	/tɾeʃ/	três	three
/ˈba.so/	vaso	/ˈva.zu/	vaso	vessel
/ˈbi.so/	viso	/ˈvi.zu/	viso	view, glimpse, appearance
/ˈas.tɾo/	astro	/ˈaʃ.tɾu/	astro	star, celestial body
/ka.ˈsaɾ/	casar	/kɐ.ˈzaɾ/	casar	to marry
/ˈkas.ta/	casta	/ˈkaʃ.tɐ/	casta	chaste
/ˈkuɾ.so/	curso	/ˈkuɾ.su/	curso	course
/ˈdes.de/	desde	/ˈdeʒ.dɨ/	desde	from, since
/ˈe.ʎos/	ellos	/ˈe.lɨʃ/	eles	they (m. pl.)
/es.ˈtaɾ/	estar	/iʃ.ˈtaɾ/	estar	to be (state)
/ˈfal.sa/	falsa	/ˈfaɫ.sɐ/	falsa	false (f.)
/ˈxus.ta/	justa	/ˈʒuʃ.tɐ/	justa	just, right (f.)
/ˈme.nos/	menos	/ˈme.nuʃ/	menos	less
/ˈmos.ka/	mosca	/ˈmoʃ.kɐ/	mosca	fly
/na.ˈsal/	nasal	/nɐ.ˈzaɫ/	nasal	nasal
/ˈpas.ta/	pasta	/ˈpaʃ.tɐ/	pasta	paste
/ˈpas.to/	pasto	/ˈpaʃ.tu/	pasto	pasture
/ˈpa.u.sa/	pausa	/ˈpa.u.zɐ/	pausa	pause
/po.ˈsaɾ/	posar	/pow.ˈzaɾ/	pousar	to pose, alight, place
/ˈpul.so/	pulso	/ˈpuɫ.su/	pulso	pulse, wrist
/sa.ˈβeɾ/	saber	/sɐ.ˈbeɾ/	saber	to know
/sa.ˈβoɾ/	sabor	/sɐ.ˈboɾ/	sabor	taste, flavor
/sa.ˈkaɾ/	sacar	/sɐ.ˈkaɾ/	sacar	to take out
/ˈsa.kɾa/	sacra	/ˈsa.kɾɐ/	sacra	sacred
/sa.ˈe.ta/	saeta	/ˈse.tɐ/	seta	arrow
/sa.ˈɣaθ/	sagaz	/sɐ.ˈgaʃ/	sagaz	sagacious, shrewd
/sa.ˈlaɾ/	salar	/sɐ.ˈlaɾ/	salar	to salt
/sa.ˈliɾ/	salir	/sɐ.ˈiɾ/	sair	to leave
/ˈsal.sa/	salsa	/ˈsaɫ.sɐ/	salsa	sauce ≠ parsley
/ˈsal.to/	salto	/ˈsaɫ.tu/	salto	leap, jump
/sa.ˈluð/	salud	/sɐ.ˈu.dɨ/	saúde	health
/se.ˈɣaɾ/	segar	/sɨ.ˈgaɾ/	segar	to harvest, mow
/se.ˈɲal/	señal	/si.ˈnaɫ/	sinal	sign, signal
/se.ˈɲoɾ/	señor	/sɨ.ˈɲoɾ/	senhor	lord, sir
/ˈsiɣ.no/	signo	/ˈsig.nu/	signo	sign
/ˈso.βɾe/	sobre	/ˈso.bɾɨ/	sobre	on, over
/so.ˈlaɾ/	solar	/su.ˈlaɾ/	solar	solar
/so.ˈpoɾ/	sopor	/su.ˈpoɾ/	sopor	deep sleep, lethargy
/so.ˈɲaɾ/	soñar	/su.ˈɲaɾ/	sonhar	to dream
/su.ˈβiɾ/	subir	/su.ˈbiɾ/	subir	to climb
/ˈsu.θja/	sucia	/ˈsu.ʒɐ/	suja	dirty (f.)
/su.ˈðaɾ/	sudar	/su.ˈaɾ/	suar	to sweat
/u.ˈsu.ɾa/	usura	/u.ˈzu.ɾɐ/	usura	usury
/a.ˈɣos.to/	agosto	/ɐ.ˈgoʃ.tu/	agosto	August
/bus.ˈkaɾ/	buscar	/buʃ.ˈkaɾ/	buscar	to seek
/ka.ˈsa.ða/	casada	/kɐ.ˈza.dɐ/	casada	married (f.)
/kos.ˈtaɾ/	costar	/kuʃ.ˈtaɾ/	custar	to cost
/da.ˈɲo.sa/	dañosa	/dɐ.ˈno.zɐ/	danosa	harmful, damaging (f.)
/es.ˈka.la/	escala	/iʃ.ˈka.lɐ/	escala	stair, scale
/es.ˈku.ðo/	escudo	/iʃ.ˈku.du/	escudo	shield
/es.ˈpe.xo/	espejo	/iʃ.ˈpe.ʎu/	espelho	mirror
/es.ˈpi.na/	espina	/iʃ.ˈpi.ɲɐ/	espinha	thorn
/es.ˈta.ða/	estada	/iʃ.ˈta.dɐ/	estada	stay
/es.ˈta.ðo/	estado	/iʃ.ˈta.du/	estado	been, state
/fa.ˈmo.so/	famoso	/fɐ.ˈmo.zu/	famoso	famous
/fu.ˈmo.so/	fumoso	/fu.ˈmo.zu/	fumoso	smoky
/in.ˈsa.na/	insana	/ĩ.ˈsa.nɐ/	insana	insane, mad (f.)
/la.ˈno.so/	lanoso	/lɐ.ˈno.zu/	lanoso	woolly
/li.ˈmo.so/	limoso	/li.ˈmo.zu/	limoso	muddy
/me.ˈsu.ɾa/	mesura	/mɨ.ˈzu.ɾɐ/	mesura	moderation, measure
/ˈmu.si.ka/	música	/ˈmu.zi.kɐ/	música	music
/ˈmu.si.ko/	músico	/ˈmu.zi.ku/	músico	musician
/o.ˈðjo.sa/	odiosa	/u.ˈdjo.zɐ/	odiosa	hateful, odious
/pas.ˈtoɾ/	pastor	/pɐʃ.ˈtoɾ/	pastor	shepherd
/pen.ˈsaɾ/	pensar	/pẽ.ˈsaɾ/	pensar	to think
/pes.ˈkaɾ/	pescar	/pɨʃ.ˈkaɾ/	pescar	to fish
/po.ˈɾo.so/	poroso	/pu.ˈɾo.zu/	poroso	porous
/po.ˈsa.ða/	posada	/pow.ˈza.dɐ/	pousada	lodging, inn
/po.ˈsa.ðo/	posado	/pow.ˈza.du/	pousado	lodged ≠ alighted
/ra.ˈmo.so/	ramoso	/ʁɐ.ˈmo.zu/	ramoso	branchy
/res.ˈtaɾ/	restar	/ʁɨʃ.ˈtaɾ/	restar	to remain, subtract
/ru.ˈɣo.so/	rugoso	/ʁu.ˈgo.zu/	rugoso	wrinkled, rugged
/sa.ˈla.ða/	salada	/sɐ.ˈla.dɐ/	salada	salted, salad
/sa.ˈli.ða/	salida	/sɐ.ˈli.dɐ/	salida	left, gone out (f.), exit
/sa.ˈli.ða/	salida	/sɐ.ˈi.dɐ/	saída	left, gone out (f.), exit
/sal.ˈtaɾ/	saltar	/saɫ.ˈtaɾ/	saltar	to jump
/sal.ˈβaɾ/	salvar	/saɫ.ˈvaɾ/	salvar	to save
/se.ˈɣa.ða/	segada	/sɨ.ˈga.dɐ/	segada	mowed, harvested (f.)
/se.ˈɣu.ɾa/	segura	/sɨ.ˈgu.ɾɐ/	segura	sure, safe
/sen.ˈtaɾ/	sentar	/sẽ.ˈtaɾ/	sentar	to seat
/sen.ˈtiɾ/	sentir	/sẽ.ˈtiɾ/	sentir	to feel
/se.ˈɾe.na/	serena	/sɨ.ˈɾe.nɐ/	serena	serene, calm (f.)
/seɾ.ˈβiɾ/	servir	/sɨɾ.ˈviɾ/	servir	to serve
/su.ˈða.ða/	sudada	/su.ˈda.dɐ/	sudada	sweated (f.)
/ˈsa.βa.ðo/	sábado	/ˈsa.bɐ.du/	sábado	Saturday
/ˈsa.pi.ða/	sápida	/ˈsa.pi.dɐ/	sápida	tasty, sapid (f.)
/ˈsu.βi.to/	súbito	/ˈsu.bi.tu/	súbito	sudden
/tes.ˈtaɾ/	testar	/tɨʃ.ˈtaɾ/	testar	to testify, will
/ˈtɾis.te/	triste	/ˈtɾiʃ.tɨ/	triste	sad
/be.ˈno.so/	venoso	/vɨ.ˈno.zu/	venoso	veiny
/bes.ˈtiɾ/	vestir	/vɨʃ.ˈtiɾ/	vestir	to dress, clothe
/bi.ˈno.so/	vinoso	/vi.ˈno.zu/	vinoso	vinous, wine-like
/bi.ˈɾo.so/	viroso	/vi.ˈɾo.zu/	viroso	poisonous, viral
/a.βu.ˈsi.βa/	abusiva	/ɐ.bu.ˈzi.vɐ/	abusiva	abusive (f.)
/a.mo.ˈɾo.so/	amoroso	/ɐ.mu.ˈɾo.zu/	amoroso	loving, amorous
/a.ni.ˈmo.so/	animoso	/ɐ.ni.ˈmo.zu/	animoso	spirited, courageous
/a.ɾe.ˈno.so/	arenoso	/ɐ.ɾɨ.ˈno.zu/	arenoso	sandy
/a.si.ˈni.na/	asinina	/ɐ.zi.ˈni.nɐ/	asinina	donkey-like
/ka.ˈʎo.so/	calloso	/kɐ.ˈlo.zu/	caloso	callous
/kaɾ.ˈno.so/	carnoso	/kɐɾ.ˈno.zu/	carnoso	fleshy
/ka.sa.ˈðoɾ/	casador	/kɐ.zɐ.ˈdoɾ/	casador	matchmaker
/kas.ˈta.ɲa/	castaña	/kɐʃ.ˈta.ɲɐ/	castanha	chestnut
/kas.ˈtɾaɾ/	castrar	/kɐʃ.ˈtɾaɾ/	castrar	to castrate, prune
/kon.ˈse.xo/	consejo	/kõ.ˈse.ʎu/	conselho	counsel, advice
/kon.ˈsi.ɣo/	consigo	/kõ.ˈsi.gu/	consigo	with him/herself
/kos.ˈta.ða/	costada	/kuʃ.ˈta.dɐ/	costada	cost ≠ side
/ku.ˈɾjo.sa/	curiosa	/ku.ˈɾjo.zɐ/	curiosa	curious (f.)
/es.ˈkɾi.ta/	escrita	/iʃ.ˈkɾi.tɐ/	escrita	written (f.)
/es.ˈtɾa.ða/	estrada	/iʃ.ˈtɾa.dɐ/	estrada	road (paved)
/es.tu.ˈpoɾ/	estupor	/iʃ.tu.ˈpoɾ/	estupor	stupor, amazement
/glo.ˈβo.so/	globoso	/glu.ˈbo.zu/	globoso	globular
/gus.ˈto.so/	gustoso	/guʃ.ˈto.zu/	gostoso	tasty
/eɾ.ˈβo.so/	herboso	/ɨɾ.ˈbo.zu/	herboso	grassy
/le.ˈpɾo.so/	leproso	/lɨ.ˈpɾo.zu/	leproso	leprous
/ʎo.ˈɾo.sa/	llorosa	/ʃu.ˈɾo.zɐ/	chorosa	tearful (f.)
/mon.ˈto.so/	montoso	/mõ.ˈto.zu/	montoso	mountainous
/moɾ.ˈβo.so/	morboso	/muɾ.ˈbo.zu/	morboso	sickly, morbid
/mos.ˈtɾaɾ/	mostrar	/muʃ.ˈtɾaɾ/	mostrar	to show
/neɾ.ˈβo.so/	nervoso	/nɨɾ.ˈvo.zu/	nervoso	nervous
/o.pe.ˈɾo.so/	operoso	/u.pɨ.ˈɾo.zu/	operoso	laborious, busy
/pen.ˈsa.ða/	pensada	/pẽ.ˈsa.dɐ/	pensada	thought (f.)
/pes.ˈka.ða/	pescada	/pɨʃ.ˈka.dɐ/	pescada	fished (f.)
/pe.ˈtɾo.so/	petroso	/pɨ.ˈtɾo.zu/	petroso	rocky, stony
/po.sa.ˈðoɾ/	posador	/pow.zɐ.ˈdoɾ/	pousador	one who poses, lodger
/pos.ˈtu.ɾa/	postura	/puʃ.ˈtu.ɾɐ/	postura	posture, position
/res.ˈta.ða/	restada	/ʁɨʃ.ˈta.dɐ/	restada	remained (f.)
/ro.ˈβus.ta/	robusta	/ʁu.ˈbuʃ.tɐ/	robusta	robust, strong (f.)
/ro.ˈsa.ɾjo/	rosario	/ʁu.ˈza.ɾju/	rosário	rosary
/ˈrus.ti.ka/	rústica	/ˈʁuʃ.ti.kɐ/	rústica	rustic
/sa.la.ˈðoɾ/	salador	/sɐ.lɐ.ˈdoɾ/	salador	salter
/sal.ˈta.ða/	saltada	/saɫ.ˈta.dɐ/	saltada	jumped (f.)
/sa.lu.ˈðaɾ/	saludar	/sɐ.u.ˈdaɾ/	saudar	to greet
/sal.ˈβa.ða/	salvada	/saɫ.ˈva.dɐ/	salvada	saved (f.)
/sa.ni.ˈðað/	sanidad	/sɐ.ni.ˈda.dɨ/	sanidade	health, sanitation
/se.ˈkɾe.to/	secreto	/sɨ.ˈgɾe.du/	segredo	secret
/se.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/	segador	/sɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/	segador	reaper, harvester
/se.na.ˈðoɾ/	senador	/sɨ.nɐ.ˈdoɾ/	senador	senator
/sen.ˈti.ða/	sentida	/sẽ.ˈti.dɐ/	sentida	felt (f.)
/seɾ.ˈβi.ða/	servida	/sɨɾ.ˈvi.dɐ/	servida	served (f.)
/so.ˈβɾi.no/	sobrino	/su.ˈbɾi.ɲu/	sobrinho	nephew
/so.ˈla.ɾjo/	solario	/su.ˈla.ɾju/	solário	solarium
/sol.ˈda.ðo/	soldado	/soɫ.ˈda.du/	soldado	soldier
/su.ða.ˈðoɾ/	sudador	/su.ɐ.ˈdoɾ/	suador	sweater
/tes.ˈta.ða/	testada	/tɨʃ.ˈta.dɐ/	testada	tested, testified
/ben.ˈto.so/	ventoso	/vẽ.ˈto.zu/	ventoso	windy
/bes.ˈti.ða/	vestida	/vɨʃ.ˈti.dɐ/	vestida	dressed
/bes.ˈti.ðo/	vestido	/vɨʃ.ˈti.du/	vestido	dress, garment
/aɾ.ðo.ˈɾo.so/	ardoroso	/ɐɾ.du.ˈɾo.zu/	ardoroso	ardent, passionate
/ka.lo.ˈɾo.so/	caloroso	/kɐ.lu.ˈɾo.zu/	caloroso	warm, hearty
/kas.ˈtɾa.ða/	castrada	/kɐʃ.ˈtɾa.dɐ/	castrada	castrated (f.)
/kos.ta.ˈðoɾ/	costador	/kuʃ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	costador	establisher (rare)
/de.ko.ˈɾo.so/	decoroso	/dɨ.ku.ˈɾo.zu/	decoroso	decorous
/do.lo.ˈɾo.so/	doloroso	/du.lu.ˈɾo.zu/	doloroso	painful, sorrowful
/es.ku.ˈtʃaɾ/	escuchar	/iʃ.ku.ˈtaɾ/	escutar	to listen
/es.ˈtu.pi.ða/	estúpida	/iʃ.ˈtu.pi.dɐ/	estúpida	stupid (f.)
/fa.βo.ˈɾo.so/	favoroso	/fɐ.vu.ˈɾo.zu/	favoroso	favorable
/xe.ne.ˈɾo.so/	generoso	/ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾo.zu/	generoso	generous
/glo.ˈɾjo.sa/	gloriosa	/glu.ˈɾjo.zɐ/	gloriosa	glorious (f.)
/o.no.ˈɾo.so/	honoroso	/u.nu.ˈɾo.zu/	honoroso	honorable
/in.ˈsi.pi.ða/	insípida	/ĩ.ˈsi.pi.dɐ/	insípida	tasteless, insipid (f.)
/ʎuβ.ˈjo.sa/	lluviosa	/ʃu.ˈvo.zɐ/	chuvosa	rainy (f.)
/lu.mi.ˈno.so/	luminoso	/lu.mi.ˈno.zu/	luminoso	luminous
/mos.ˈtɾa.ða/	mostrada	/muʃ.ˈtɾa.dɐ/	mostrada	shown (f.)
/pen.sa.ˈðoɾ/	pensador	/pẽ.sɐ.ˈdoɾ/	pensador	thinker
/pes.ka.ˈðoɾ/	pescador	/pɨʃ.kɐ.ˈdoɾ/	pescador	fisherman
/po.si.ˈti.βa/	positiva	/pu.zi.ˈti.vɐ/	positiva	positive (f.)
/po.tes.ˈtað/	potestad	/pu.tɨʃ.ˈta.dɨ/	potestade	power, authority
/res.ta.ˈðoɾ/	restador	/ʁɨʃ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	restador	subtractor ≠ restorer
/ru.mo.ˈɾo.so/	rumoroso	/ʁu.mu.ˈɾo.zu/	rumoroso	noisy
/sa.ˈkɾa.ɾjo/	sacrario	/sɐ.ˈkɾa.ɾju/	sacrário	sanctuary
/sal.ta.ˈðoɾ/	saltador	/saɫ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	saltador	jumper
/sa.lu.ˈða.ða/	saludada	/sɐ.u.ˈda.dɐ/	saudada	greeted (f.)
/sal.βa.ˈðoɾ/	salvador	/saɫ.vɐ.ˈdoɾ/	salvador	savior
/su.ðo.ˈɾo.so/	sudoroso	/su.du.ˈɾo.zu/	sudoroso	sweaty
/tes.ta.ˈðoɾ/	testador	/tɨʃ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	testador	testator, witness
/ba.lo.ˈɾo.so/	valoroso	/vɐ.lu.ˈɾo.zu/	valoroso	valorous, brave
/ba.po.ˈɾo.so/	vaporoso	/vɐ.pu.ˈɾo.zu/	vaporoso	vaporous, steamy
/kas.tɾa.ˈðoɾ/	castrador	/kɐʃ.tɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	castrador	castrator
/ka.βeɾ.ˈno.so/	cavernoso	/kɐ.vɨɾ.ˈno.zu/	cavernoso	cavernous
/feɾ.βo.ˈɾo.so/	fervoroso	/fɨɾ.vu.ˈɾo.zu/	fervoroso	fervent, ardent
/in.sa.ni.ˈðað/	insanidad	/ĩ.sɐ.ni.ˈda.dɨ/	insanidade	insanity
/la.kɾi.ˈmo.so/	lacrimoso	/lɐ.kɾi.ˈmo.zu/	lacrimoso	tearful
/mos.tɾa.ˈðoɾ/	mostrador	/muʃ.tɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	mostrador	counter, display case
/res.pon.ˈdeɾ/	responder	/ʁɨʃ.põ.ˈdeɾ/	responder	to answer
/sa.lu.ða.ˈðoɾ/	saludador	/sɐ.u.dɐ.ˈdoɾ/	saudador	greeter
/se.ɾe.ni.ˈðað/	serenidad	/sɨ.ɾɨ.ni.ˈda.dɨ/	serenidade	serenity
/tem.pes.ˈtað/	tempestad	/tẽ.pɨʃ.ˈta.dɨ/	tempestade	storm, tempest
/te.ne.ˈβɾo.so/	tenebroso	/tɨ.nɨ.ˈbɾo.zu/	tenebroso	dark, gloomy
/kɾis.ta.ˈli.na/	cristalina	/kɾiʃ.tɐ.ˈli.nɐ/	cristalina	crystalline
/seɾ.pen.ˈti.na/	serpentina	/sɨɾ.pẽ.ˈti.nɐ/	serpentina	serpentine
/bes.peɾ.ˈti.na/	vespertina	/vɨʃ.pɨɾ.ˈti.nɐ/	vespertina	evening, vespertine (f.)
/se/	se	/sɨ/	se	himself/herself (clitic)
/si/	si	/sɨ/	se	if
/dos/	dos	/dojʃ/	dois	two
/les/	les	/ʎɨʃ/	lhes	to them (clitic dat pl.)
/mas/	más	/majʃ/	mais	more
/sin/	sin	/sɐ̃j/	sem	without
/sol/	sol	/sɔɫ/	sol	sun
/ˈko.sa/	cosa	/ˈkoj.zɐ/	coisa	thing
/djos/	dios	/dewʃ/	deus	god
/ˈes.to/	esto	/ˈiʃ.tu/	isto	this (neuter)
/ˈro.sa/	rosa	/ˈʁɔ.zɐ/	rosa	rose
/ˈsa.na/	sana	/sɐ̃/	sã	healthy
/ˈse.to/	seto	/ˈsɛ.tu/	seto	enclosure, hedge
/ˈsi.no/	sino	/sɨ.ˈnɐ̃w/	senão	but, except
/ˈsu.ʝo/	suyo	/sew/	seu	his/her (tonic)
/ˈkos.ta/	costa	/ˈkɔʃ.tɐ/	costa	coast
/ˈgus.to/	gusto	/ˈgoʃ.tu/	gosto	taste
/xa.ˈmas/	jamás	/ʒɐ.ˈmajʃ/	jamais	ever
/ˈmis.mo/	mismo	/ˈmeʒ.mu/	mesmo	same
/ˈres.to/	resto	/ˈʁɛʃ.tu/	resto	remainder
/ˈsan.ta/	santa	/ˈsɐ̃.tɐ/	santa	holy
/sa.ˈθon/	sazón	/sɐ.ˈzɐ̃w/	sazão	season, ripeness
/ˈseks.ta/	sexta	/ˈsɛjʃ.tɐ/	sexta	sixth (f.)
/ˈsje.te/	siete	/ˈsɛ.tɨ/	sete	seven
/ˈsi.glo/	siglo	/ˈsɛ.ku.lu/	século	century
/ˈsi.ʎa/	silla	/ˈsɛ.lɐ/	sela	chair ≠ saddle
/ˈsoɾ.ða/	sorda	/ˈsuɾ.dɐ/	surda	deaf (f.)
/su.ˈðoɾ/	sudor	/swoɾ/	suor	sweat
/ˈswe.lo/	suelo	/ˈsɔ.lu/	solo	ground
/ˈswe.ɲo/	sueño	/ˈso.nu/	sono	sleep, dream
/ˈtes.ta/	testa	/ˈtɛʃ.tɐ/	testa	head ≠ forehead
/ˈbeɾ.so/	verso	/ˈvɛɾ.su/	verso	verse
/ˈbes.tja/	bestia	/ˈbɛʃ.tɐ/	besta	beast
/ˈkɾes.ta/	cresta	/ˈkɾiʃ.tɐ/	crista	crest
/es.ˈpo.sa/	esposa	/iʃ.ˈpɔ.zɐ/	esposa	spouse, wife
/ˈfjes.ta/	fiesta	/ˈfɛʃ.tɐ/	festa	feast
/ˈpwes.to/	puesto	/ˈpoʃ.tu/	posto	placed, position
/ˈsaŋ.gɾe/	sangre	/ˈsɐ̃.gɨ/	sangue	blood
/se.ˈma.na/	semana	/sɨ.ˈmɐ.nɐ/	semana	week
/ˈsje.ra/	sierra	/ˈsɛ.ʁɐ/	serra	mountain range
/ˈsjeɾ.βa/	sierva	/ˈsɛɾ.vɐ/	serva	female servant
/ˈswel.do/	sueldo	/ˈsoɫ.du/	soldo	salary
/ˈsweɾ.te/	suerte	/ˈsɔɾ.tɨ/	sorte	luck, fate
/te.ˈso.ɾo/	tesoro	/tɨ.ˈzow.ɾu/	tesouro	treasure, hoard
/ka.ˈsan.te/	casante	/kɐ.ˈzɐ̃.tɨ/	casante	marrying
/ˈdjes.tɾa/	diestra	/ˈdɛʃ.tɾɐ/	destra	right hand
/es.ˈkwe.la/	escuela	/iʃ.ˈkɔ.lɐ/	escola	school
/es.ˈtan.te/	estante	/iʃ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	estante	shelf, standing
/is.ˈpa.na/	hispana	/iʃ.ˈpɐ.nɐ/	hispana	Hispanic, Spanish
/ma.ˈes.tɾo/	maestro	/ˈmɛʃ.tɾɨ/	mestre	master, teacher
/peɾ.ˈso.na/	persona	/pɨʃ.ˈsɔ.ɐ/	pessoa	person
/po.ˈsan.te/	posante	/pow.ˈzɐ̃.tɨ/	pousante	pausing, alighting
/sa.ˈlan.te/	salante	/sɐ.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/	salante	salting
/se.ˈkan.te/	secante	/sɨ.ˈkɐ̃.tɨ/	secante	cutting, secant
/sek.ˈθjon/	sección	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃w/	seção	section
/se.ˈɣun.da/	segunda	/sɨ.ˈgũ.dɐ/	segunda	second
/se.ˈsen.ta/	sesenta	/sɨ.ˈsẽ.tɐ/	sessenta	sixty
/se.ˈten.ta/	setenta	/sɨ.ˈtẽ.tɐ/	setenta	seventy
/ˈsjem.pɾe/	siempre	/ˈsẽ.pɾɨ/	sempre	always
/sil.ˈβa.na/	silvana	/siɫ.ˈvɐ.nɐ/	silvana	sylvan
/su.ˈðan.te/	sudante	/su.ˈɐ̃.tɨ/	suante	sweating
/kas.ˈti.ʎo/	castillo	/kɐʃ.ˈtɛ.lu/	castelo	castle
/es.kɾi.ˈβiɾ/	escribir	/iʃ.kɾɨ.ˈveɾ/	escrever	to write
/es.ta.ˈθjon/	estación	/iʃ.tɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	estação	station, season
/es.ˈtam.bɾe/	estambre	/iʃ.ˈtɐ.mɨ/	estame	worsted yarn, stamen
/es.ˈtɾe.tʃa/	estrecha	/iʃ.ˈtɾej.tɐ/	estreita	tight, narrow
/es.ˈtɾe.ʎa/	estrella	/iʃ.ˈtɾɛ.lɐ/	estrela	star
/is.ˈto.ɾja/	historia	/iʃ.ˈtɔ.ɾjɐ/	história	story
/no.ˈso.tɾos/	nosotros	/nɔʃ/	nós	we (1pl)
/pen.ˈsan.te/	pensante	/pẽ.ˈsɐ̃.tɨ/	pensante	thinking
/pɾe.ˈsen.te/	presente	/pɾɨ.ˈzẽ.tɨ/	presente	present, gift
/res.ˈtan.te/	restante	/ʁɨʃ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	restante	remaining, residual
/sal.ˈtan.te/	saltante	/saɫ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	saltante	jumping, prominent
/sal.ˈβan.te/	salvante	/saɫ.ˈvɐ̃.tɨ/	salvante	saving
/tes.ˈtan.te/	testante	/tɨʃ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	testante	testator, witness
/bo.ˈso.tɾos/	vosotros	/vɔʃ/	vós	you (2pl)
/kas.ˈtɾan.te/	castrante	/kɐʃ.ˈtɾɐ̃.tɨ/	castrante	castrating
/kɾist.ˈja.no/	cristiano	/kɾiʃ.ˈtɐ̃w/	cristão	Christian
/do.ˈmes.ti.ka/	doméstica	/du.ˈmɛʃ.ti.kɐ/	doméstica	domestic
/es.kɾi.ˈβa.no/	escribano	/iʃ.kɾi.ˈvɐ̃w/	escrivão	scribe, notary
/mon.ˈta.ɲo.sa/	montañosa	/mõ.tɐ.ˈɲo.zɐ/	montanhosa	mountainous (f.)
/mos.ˈtɾan.te/	mostrante	/muʃ.ˈtɾɐ̃.tɨ/	mostrante	showing
/sa.lu.ˈðan.te/	saludante	/sɐ.u.ˈdɐ̃.tɨ/	saudante	greeting
/seɾ.ˈpjen.te/	serpiente	/sɨɾ.ˈpẽ.tɨ/	serpente	snake
/se.ˈtjem.bɾe/	setiembre	/sɨ.ˈtẽ.bɾu/	setembro	September
/ˈwes.te/	hueste	/ˈɔʃ.tɨ/	hoste	army, host (archaic)
/ka.ˈsan.do/	casando	/kɐ.ˈzɐ̃.du/	casando	marrying (gerund)
/es.ˈtan.do/	estando	/iʃ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	estando	being (gerund)
/po.ˈsan.do/	posando	/pow.ˈzɐ̃.du/	pousando	posing, lodging (gerund)
/sa.ˈlan.do/	salando	/sɐ.ˈlɐ̃.du/	salando	salting (gerund)
/se.ˈɣan.do/	segando	/sɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/	segando	mowing, harvesting (gerund)
/su.ˈðan.do/	sudando	/su.ˈɐ̃.du/	suando	sweating (gerund)
/kos.ˈtan.do/	costando	/kuʃ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	costando	costing (gerund)
/kos.ˈtan.te/	costante	/kuʃ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	costante	constant (archaic; modern uses constante with /-ns-/-restoration)
/pen.ˈsan.do/	pensando	/pẽ.ˈsɐ̃.du/	pensando	thinking (gerund)
/pes.ˈkan.do/	pescando	/pɨʃ.ˈkɐ̃.du/	pescando	fishing (gerund)
/res.ˈtan.do/	restando	/ʁɨʃ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	restando	remaining, subtracting (gerund)
/sal.ˈtan.do/	saltando	/saɫ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	saltando	jumping (gerund)
/sal.ˈβan.do/	salvando	/saɫ.ˈvɐ̃.du/	salvando	saving (gerund)
/tes.ˈtan.do/	testando	/tɨʃ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	testando	testing (gerund)
/kas.ˈtɾan.do/	castrando	/kɐʃ.ˈtɾɐ̃.du/	castrando	castrating, pruning (gerund)
/mos.ˈtɾan.do/	mostrando	/muʃ.ˈtɾɐ̃.du/	mostrando	showing (gerund)
/sa.lu.ˈðan.do/	saludando	/sɐ.u.ˈdɐ̃.du/	saudando	greeting (gerund)
/gɾis/	gris	/gɾiʃ/	gris	gray
/ˈsa.la/	sala	/ˈsa.lɐ/	sala	room, hall
/so.ˈfa/	sofá	/su.ˈfa/	sofá	sofa
/su.ˈfi/	sufi	/su.ˈfi/	sufi	sufí, Islamic mystic
/su.ˈfi/	sufí	/su.ˈfi/	sufi	sufí
/ˈgi.sa/	guisa	/ˈgi.zɐ/	guisa	guisa, manner
/ˈu.mus/	humus	/ˈu.muʃ/	húmus	humus
/ˈlis.ta/	lista	/ˈliʃ.tɐ/	lista	list, stripe
/es.ˈta.ka/	estaca	/iʃ.ˈta.kɐ/	estaca	stake, pole
/ˈfɾas.ko/	frasco	/ˈfɾaʃ.ku/	frasco	flask, jar
/ˈfɾes.ko/	fresco	/ˈfɾeʃ.ku/	fresco	fresh, cool
/gi.ˈsaɾ/	guisar	/gi.ˈzaɾ/	guisar	to cook, stew
/ˈsa.a.ɾa/	sahara	/ˈsa.ɐ.ɾɐ/	sahara	Sáhara, desert
/es.ˈki.na/	esquina	/iʃ.ˈki.nɐ/	esquina	corner
/es.ˈtɾi.βo/	estribo	/iʃ.ˈtɾi.bu/	estribo	stirrup
/paj.ˈsa.xe/	paisaje	/pɐj.ˈza.ʒɐ̃j/	paisagem	landscape
/ˈso.pa/	sopa	/ˈsɔ.pɐ/	sopa	soup
/ˈgan.so/	ganso	/ˈgɐ̃.su/	ganso	goose
/ˈbos.ke/	bosque	/ˈbɔʃ.kɨ/	bosque	forest, woods
/si.ˈɾo.ko/	siroco	/si.ˈɾɔ.ku/	siroco	sirocco
/sul.ˈtan/	sultán	/suɫ.ˈtɐ̃w/	sultão	sultán
/kaɾ.me.ˈsi/	carmesí	/kɐɾ.mɨ.ˈzĩ/	carmesim	crimson
/paj.ˈsa.no/	paisano	/pɐj.ˈzɐ.nu/	paisano	fellow countryman, civilian
/ˈdo.sa/	dosa	/ˈdo.zɐ/	dosa	dosa
/kβas/	kvas	/kvaʃ/	kvas	kvas
/ˈna.si/	nasi	/ˈna.zi/	nasi	nasi, cooked rice
/ˈsa.ɣo/	sago	/ˈsa.gu/	sago	sago, palm starch
/sa.ˈɣu/	sagu	/sɐ.ˈgu/	sagu	sagú, palm starch
/ˈsa.ɾi/	sari	/ˈsa.ɾi/	sari	sari
/ˈsa.ʝa/	saya	/ˈsa.jɐ/	saya	saya, sword scabbard
/ˈse.βa/	seva	/ˈse.vɐ/	seva	seva, selfless service
/ˈsi.ta/	sita	/ˈsi.tɐ/	sita	Sita, Hindu deity
/ˈso.xu/	soju	/ˈso.ʒu/	soju	soju
/bals/	vals	/ˈvaɫ.sɐ/	valsa	waltz
/a.ˈsa.na/	asana	/ɐ.ˈza.nɐ/	asana	asana
/ˈma.nas/	manas	/ˈma.nɐʃ/	manas	manas, mind
/pa.ˈpus/	papus	/pɐ.ˈpuʃ/	papus	papús, Native American baby
/ˈsa.ðu/	sadhu	/ˈsa.du/	sadhu	sadhu, Hindu holy man
/sa.ˈib/	sahib	/sɐ.ˈib/	sahib	sahib
/sa.ˈtaj/	satay	/sɐ.ˈtaj/	satay	satay, skewered grilled meat
/ˈsat.ʝa/	satya	/ˈsa.tjɐ/	satya	satya, Hindu truth
/ˈse.ðeɾ/	seder	/ˈse.dɨɾ/	seder	Séder, Passover ritual meal
/si.ˈtaɾ/	sitar	/si.ˈtaɾ/	sitar	sitar
/ˈsu.ka/	sukha	/ˈsu.kɐ/	sukha	sukha, happiness
/ˈsuɾ.ʝa/	surya	/ˈsu.ɾjɐ/	surya	Surya, Hindu sun god
/ˈsu.si/	sushi	/ˈsu.ʃi/	sushi	sushi
/ˈsu.tɾa/	sutra	/ˈsu.tɾɐ/	sutra	sutra
/ˈsβa.a/	svaha	/ˈʒva.ɐ/	svaha	svaha, ritual mantra ending
/ˈta.pas/	tapas	/ˈta.pɐʃ/	tapas	tapas, austerity
/buɾst/	wurst	/vuɾʃt/	wurst	wurst, German sausage
/a.ˈim.sa/	ahimsa	/ɐ.ˈim.sɐ/	ahimsa	ahimsa
/ˈdim.san/	dimsum	/ˈdim.sɐm/	dim-sum	dim sum
/es.ˈnaps/	esnaps	/ʃnapʃ/	schnaps	schnapps
/ma.ˈsa.la/	masala	/mɐ.ˈza.lɐ/	masala	masala, spice mix
/sa.ˈβa.na/	sabana	/sɐ.ˈva.nɐ/	savana	sabana
/sa.ˈfa.ɾi/	safari	/sɐ.ˈfa.ɾi/	safari	safari
/ˈsam.bal/	sambal	/sɐ̃.ˈbaɫ/	sambal	sambal, chili paste
/sa.ˈto.ɾi/	satori	/sɐ.ˈto.ɾi/	satori	satori
/sen.ˈsej/	sensei	/sẽ.ˈsej/	sensei	sensei
/ˈsu.mi.βi/	sumibi	/ˈsu.mi.bi/	sumibi	sumibi, charcoal grilling
/wa.ˈsa.βi/	wasabi	/wɐ.ˈsa.bi/	wasabi	wasabi
/ˈdim.sum/	dim-sum	/ˈdim.sɐm/	dim-sum	dim-sum
/ˈkaj.se.ki/	kaiseki	/ˈkaj.sɨ.ki/	kaiseki	kaiseki, multi-course meal
/o.ˈma.ka.se/	omakase	/u.ˈma.kɐ.zɨ/	omakase	omakase, chef's tasting menu
/sa.ˈma.ði/	samadhi	/sɐ.ˈma.di/	samadhi	samadhi, meditative absorption
/sa.mo.ˈβaɾ/	samovar	/sɐ.mu.ˈvaɾ/	samovar	samovar
/sam.ˈsa.ɾa/	samsara	/sɐ̃.ˈsa.ɾɐ/	samsara	samsara
/sa.ˈʃi.ko/	sashiko	/sɐ.ˈʃi.ku/	sashiko	sashiko, Japanese stitching
/sa.ˈʃi.mi/	sashimi	/sɐ.ˈʃi.mi/	sashimi	sashimi
/sep.ˈpu.ku/	seppuku	/sɨp.ˈpu.ku/	seppuku	seppuku
/soɾ.ˈbe.te/	sorbete	/suɾ.ˈve.tɨ/	sorvete	sorbete
/sput.ˈnik/	sputnik	/ʃput.ˈnik/	sputnik	Sputnik (satellite)
/glas.ˈnost/	glasnost	/glɐʒ.ˈnoʃt/	glasnost	glasnost
/sa.ʝo.ˈna.ɾa/	sayonara	/sɐ.ju.ˈna.ɾɐ/	sayonara	sayonara
/su.ki.ˈʝa.ki/	sukiyaki	/su.ki.ˈja.ki/	sukiyaki	sukiyaki
/san.ˈʝa.sin/	sannyasin	/sɐn.ˈja.zĩ/	sannyasin	sannyasin, Hindu renunciant
/sa.ɾas.ˈba.ti/	saraswati	/sɐ.ɾɐʒ.ˈva.ti/	saraswati	Saraswati, Hindu goddess
/wa.βi.ˈsa.βi/	wabi-sabi	/wɐ.bi.ˈsa.bi/	wabi-sabi	wabi-sabi
/pe.ɾes.ˈtɾoj.ka/	perestroika	/pɨ.ɾɨʃ.ˈtɾoj.kɐ/	perestroika	perestroika
/ˈsa.ɣo/	sago	/sɐ.ˈgu/	sagu	sago, palm starch
/sa.ˈɣu/	sagu	/ˈsa.gu/	sago	sagú, palm starch
/ˈsa.ke/	sake	/sɐ.ˈke/	saquê	sake
/ˈso.βa/	soba	/ˈsɔ.bɐ/	soba	soba, buckwheat noodle
/ˈsu.mo/	sumo	/su.ˈmo/	sumô	sumo
/ˈon.sen/	onsen	/ˈõ.sẽ/	onsen	onsen
/ˈsa.u.na/	sauna	/ˈsaw.nɐ/	sauna	sauna
/es.ˈpjel/	spiel	/ʃpiɫ/	spiel	spiel, sales pitch
/bon.ˈsa.i/	bonsái	/bõ.ˈsaj/	bonsai	bonsai
/ˈdim.san/	dimsum	/ˈdĩ.sɐ̃/	dimsum	dim sum
/kis.ˈmet/	kismet	/kiʒ.ˈmɛt/	kismet	kismet, destiny
/ˈsa.ku.ɾa/	sakura	/sɐ.ku.ˈɾɐ/	sakura	sakura, cherry blossom
/sa.ˈmo.sa/	samosa	/sɐ.ˈmɔ.zɐ/	samosa	samosa, fried pastry
/ˈsaŋ.ga/	sangha	/ˈsɐ̃.gɐ/	sangha	sangha, Buddhist community
/ˈsen.tʃa/	sencha	/ˈsẽ.tʃɐ/	sencha	sencha, green tea
/ˈdim.sum/	dim-sum	/ˈdĩ.sɐ̃/	dimsum	dim-sum
/ˈkjos.ko/	quiosco	/ˈkjɔʃ.kɨ/	quiosque	kiosk
/sa.mu.ˈɾa.i/	samurai	/sɐ.mu.ˈɾaj/	samurai	samurái, warrior
/sa.mu.ˈɾa.i/	samurái	/sɐ.mu.ˈɾaj/	samurai	samurai
/ˈsaŋk.ʝa/	sankhya	/ˈsɐ̃.kjɐ/	sankhya	Samkhya, Hindu philosophical school
/ˈsa.tsaŋ/	satsang	/sɐ.ˈtsɐ̃/	satsang	satsang, spiritual gathering
/es.tɾu.ˈðel/	strudel	/iʃ.tɾu.ˈdɛɫ/	strudel	strudel
/ʃa.ˈmi.sen/	shamisen	/ʃɐ.mi.ˈzẽ/	shamisen	shamisen, Japanese 3-stringed instrument
/es.ˈβas.ti.ka/	esvástica	/ˈswaʃ.ti.kɐ/	suástica	esvástica

→ /θ/⟨z⟩ · 7

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈθa.fɾa/	zafra	/ˈsa.fɾɐ/	safra	harvest (esp. sugar-cane harvest)
/θa.ˈfi.ɾo/	zafiro	/sɐ.ˈfi.ɾɐ/	safira	sapphire
/al.ˈmiθ.kle/	almizcle	/aɫ.ˈmiʃ.kɐɾ/	almíscar	musk
/meθ.ˈki.no/	mezquino	/mɨʃ.ˈki.ɲu/	mesquinho	mean, paltry, miserly
/xaθ.ˈmin/	jazmín	/ʒɐʒ.ˈmĩ/	jasmim	jasmine
/maθ.ˈmo.ra/	mazmorra	/mɐʒ.ˈmɔ.ʁɐ/	masmorra	dungeon, underground prison
/meθ.ˈkal/	mezcal	/mɨʃ.ˈkaw/	mescal	mezcal

→ /ks/⟨x⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/eks.ˈtɾa.ɲa/	extraña	/iʃ.ˈtɾɐ.ɲɐ/	estranha	foreign, strange (f.)

→ /tʃ/⟨ch⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kitʃ/	kitsch	/kiʃ/	kitsch	kitsch

→ /ɾ/⟨r⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/peɾ.ˈso.na/	persona	/pɨʃ.ˈsɔ.ɐ/	pessoa	person

→ /z/⟨s⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/po.zi.ˈθjon/	posición	/pu.zi.ˈsɐ̃w/	posição	position

→ /esʃ/⟨sch⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/esʃ.ni.ˈtsel/	schnitzel	/ˈʃni.tsɨl/	schnitzel	schnitzel

/ʃ/⟨ch⟩ → /ʎ/52 pairs

source

→ /ʎ/⟨ll⟩ · 24

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈʎa.ɣa/	llaga	/ˈʃa.gɐ/	chaga	wound
/ˈʎa.ma/	llama	/ˈʃa.mɐ/	chama	flame
/ˈʎa.βe/	llave	/ˈʃa.vɨ/	chave	key
/ˈʎo.ɾo/	lloro	/ˈʃo.ɾu/	choro	weeping (noun)
/ʎa.ˈmaɾ/	llamar	/ʃɐ.ˈmaɾ/	chamar	to call
/ʎe.ˈɣaɾ/	llegar	/ʃɨ.ˈgaɾ/	chegar	to arrive
/ʎo.ˈɾaɾ/	llorar	/ʃu.ˈɾaɾ/	chorar	to weep
/ʎo.ˈβeɾ/	llover	/ʃu.ˈveɾ/	chover	to rain
/ˈʎu.βja/	lluvia	/ˈʃu.vɐ/	chuva	rain
/ʎa.ˈma.ða/	llamada	/ʃɐ.ˈma.dɐ/	chamada	called (f.), call
/ʎe.ˈɣa.ða/	llegada	/ʃɨ.ˈga.dɐ/	chegada	arrival, arrived (f.)
/ʎo.ˈɾa.ða/	llorada	/ʃu.ˈɾa.dɐ/	chorada	wept
/ʎo.ˈɾo.sa/	llorosa	/ʃu.ˈɾo.zɐ/	chorosa	tearful (f.)
/ʎa.ma.ˈðoɾ/	llamador	/ʃɐ.mɐ.ˈdoɾ/	chamador	caller, knocker
/ʎo.ɾa.ˈðoɾ/	llorador	/ʃu.ɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	chorador	weeper
/ʎuβ.ˈjo.sa/	lluviosa	/ʃu.ˈvo.zɐ/	chuvosa	rainy (f.)
/ʎa.ma.ˈti.βo/	llamativo	/ʃɐ.mɐ.ˈti.vu/	chamativo	eye-catching, attention-grabbing
/ˈʎa.no/	llano	/ʃɐ̃w/	chão	flat, plain
/ˈʎe.na/	llena	/ˈʃej.ɐ/	cheia	full
/ʎa.ˈβe.ɾo/	llavero	/ʃɐ.ˈvej.ɾu/	chaveiro	key ring, key holder
/ʎa.ˈman.te/	llamante	/ʃɐ.ˈmɐ̃.tɨ/	chamante	calling, caller
/ʎo.ˈɾan.te/	llorante	/ʃu.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/	chorante	weeping
/ʎa.ˈman.do/	llamando	/ʃɐ.ˈmɐ̃.du/	chamando	calling (gerund)
/ʎo.ˈɾan.do/	llorando	/ʃu.ˈɾɐ̃.du/	chorando	weeping (gerund)

→ /tʃ/⟨ch⟩ · 25

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈtʃi.no/	chino	/ˈʃi.nu/	chino	Chinese
/ˈma.tʃo/	macho	/ˈma.ʃu/	macho	male
/ˈtʃu.ro/	churro	/ˈʃu.ʁu/	churro	fried dough pastry
/tʃam.ˈpan/	champan	/ʃɐ̃.ˈpɐ.ɲɨ/	champanhe	champagne
/tʃaj/	chai	/ʃaj/	chai	chai, spiced tea
/tʃit/	chit	/ʃit/	chit	chit, consciousness
/ˈtʃu.ɲo/	chuño	/ˈʃu.ɲu/	chunho	chuño (freeze-dried potato)
/ˈda.tʃa/	dacha	/ˈda.ʃɐ/	dacha	dacha
/ˈli.tʃi/	lichi	/ˈli.ʃi.ɐ/	lichia	lichi
/ˈtʃi.tʃa/	chicha	/ˈʃi.ʃɐ/	chicha	chicha
/glitʃ/	glitch	/gliʃ/	glitch	glitch, malfunction
/ˈpon.tʃo/	poncho	/ˈpon.ʃu/	poncho	poncho
/ˈtʃe.βol/	chaebol	/ˈʃe.bɔl/	chaebol	chaebol, Korean conglomerate
/tʃa.ˈpa.ti/	chapati	/ʃɐ.ˈpa.ti/	chapati	chapati, flatbread
/ˈtʃa.θu.ke/	chazuke	/ˈʃa.zu.kɨ/	chazuke	chazuke, rice with tea
/tʃut.ˈnej/	chutney	/ʃut.ˈnej/	chutney	chutney, Indian condiment
/tʃa.ˈɾan.go/	charango	/ʃa.ˈɾan.gu/	charango	charango
/tʃo.ko.ˈla.te/	chocolate	/ʃu.ku.ˈla.tɨ/	chocolate	chocolate
/tʃin.ˈtʃi.ʎa/	chinchilla	/ʃin.ˈʃi.lɐ/	chinchila	chinchilla
/tʃam.ˈpu/	champú	/ʃɐ̃.ˈpo/	champô	shampoo
/ˈʃo.tʃu/	shochu	/ˈʃɔ.ʃu/	shochu	shochu, distilled spirit
/ˈtʃan.dɾa/	chandra	/ˈʃɐ̃.dɾɐ/	chandra	Chandra, Hindu moon god
/tʃi.ˈmek/	chimaek	/ʃi.ˈmɛk/	chimaek	chimaek, chicken-and-beer
/ˈxap.tʃe/	japchae	/ʒɐp.ˈʃe/	japchae	japchae, Korean glass noodles
/ko.tʃu.ˈdʒan/	gochujang	/ko.ʃu.ˈdʒɐ̃/	gochujang	gochujang, chili paste

→ /kl/⟨cl⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kla.ˈmaɾ/	clamar	/ʃɐ.ˈmaɾ/	chamar	to clamor, cry out (literary/formal)

→ /tʃe/⟨che⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/deɾ.ˈbi.tʃe/	derviche	/dɨɾ.ˈvi.ʃɨ/	derviche	derviche

→ /ʃ/⟨sh⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/gu.ˈlaʃ/	gulash	/gu.ˈla.ʃɨ/	gulache	gulash

/ʃ/⟨x, z, jj, ss, ∅, sch⟩ → /θ, x, s/47 pairs

source

→ /θ/⟨z⟩ · 19

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/luθ/	luz	/luʃ/	luz	light
/paθ/	paz	/paʃ/	paz	peace
/peθ/	pez	/peʃ/	pez	pitch
/beθ/	vez	/veʃ/	vez	turn, time
/kɾuθ/	cruz	/kɾuʃ/	cruz	cross
/a.u.ˈðaθ/	audaz	/ɐ.u.ˈdaʃ/	audaz	bold, audacious
/ka.ˈpaθ/	capaz	/kɐ.ˈpaʃ/	capaz	capable
/fa.ˈlaθ/	falaz	/fɐ.ˈlaʃ/	falaz	deceitful, fallacious
/fe.ˈliθ/	feliz	/fɨ.ˈliʃ/	feliz	happy, fortunate
/sa.ˈɣaθ/	sagaz	/sɐ.ˈgaʃ/	sagaz	sagacious, shrewd
/te.ˈnaθ/	tenaz	/tɨ.ˈnaʃ/	tenaz	tenacious
/be.ˈɾaθ/	veraz	/vɨ.ˈɾaʃ/	veraz	truthful
/bo.ˈɾaθ/	voraz	/vu.ˈɾaʃ/	voraz	voracious
/boθ/	voz	/vɔʃ/	voz	voice
/djeθ/	diez	/dɛʃ/	dez	ten
/nweθ/	nuez	/nɔʃ/	noz	nut, walnut
/a.ˈroθ/	arroz	/ɐ.ˈʁoʃ/	arroz	rice
/al.βoɾ.ˈnoθ/	albornoz	/aɫ.buɾ.ˈnoʃ/	albornoz	hooded cloak, bathrobe
/meθ.ˈkal/	mezcal	/mɨʃ.ˈkal/	mezcal	mezcal

→ /x/⟨j⟩ · 6

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/de.ˈxaɾ/	dejar	/dej.ˈʃaɾ/	deixar	to leave
/ˈba.xo/	bajo	/ˈbaj.ʃu/	baixo	low, below
/ˈka.xa/	caja	/ˈkaj.ʃɐ/	caixa	box
/ˈflo.xo/	flojo	/ˈfɾow.ʃu/	frouxo	loose, slack, lazy
/ˈxe.ke/	jeque	/ˈʃe.kɨ/	xeque	sheikh
/xa.ˈke.ka/	jaqueca	/ʃɐ.ˈkɛ.kɐ/	xaqueca	migraine, severe headache

→ /ʃ/⟨sh⟩ · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ʃa/	sha	/ʃa/	xa	sha, Persian king
/ʃa/	sha	/ʃa/	xá	sha, Persian king
/ˈge.i.ʃa/	geisha	/ˈge.i.ʃɐ/	gueixa	geisha, traditional entertainer
/ˈʃin.to/	shinto	/ʃin.ˈtɔ/	xintó	Shinto
/ʃo.ˈɣun/	shogun	/ʃu.ˈgũ/	xogum	shogun, military dictator

→ /s/⟨s⟩ · 4

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ˈtʃis/	hachís	/ɐ.ˈʃi.ʃɨ/	haxixe	hachís
/sa/	sah	/ʃa/	xa	shah, Persian king
/sa/	sah	/ʃa/	xá	shah, Persian king
/kβas/	kvas	/kvaʃ/	kvass	kvas

→ /s/⟨⟩ · 7

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈseks.ta/	sexta	/ˈsɛjʃ.tɐ/	sexta	sixth (f.)
/ˈteks.to/	texto	/ˈtɛjʃ.tu/	texto	text
/a.ˈtʃis/	hachís	/ɐ.ˈʃi.ʃɨ/	haxixe	hachís
/sa/	sah	/ʃa/	xa	shah, Persian king
/sa/	sah	/ʃa/	xá	shah, Persian king
/kβas/	kvas	/kvaʃ/	kvass	kvas
/loks/	lox	/lɔkʃ/	lox	lox, cured salmon

→ /tʃ/⟨ch⟩ · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ˈtʃis/	hachís	/ɐ.ˈʃi.ʃɨ/	haxixe	hachís
/ka.tʃe.ˈmiɾ/	cachemir	/kɐ.ʃɨ.ˈmi.ɾɐ/	caxemira	cachemir
/mentʃ/	mensch	/mẽʃ/	mensch	mensch, decent person

→ /ks/⟨x⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/e.lik.ˈsiɾ/	elixir	/i.li.ˈʃiɾ/	elixir	elixir

→ /k/⟨x⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ek.ˈθep.to/	excepto	/iʃ.ˈse.tu/	exceto	except

→ /tʃ/⟨jj⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈtʃi.ɣe/	jjigae	/ˈʃi.gɨ/	jjigae	jjigae, Korean stew

/z, s, ɾs/⟨c, z, ç, rs⟩ → /θ, s/135 pairs

source

→ /θ/⟨c⟩ · before front vowel · 64

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈθe.βo/	cebo	/ˈse.vu/	cevo	bait
/ˈθe.ɾa/	cera	/ˈse.ɾɐ/	cera	wax
/ˈdo.θe/	doce	/ˈdo.zɨ/	doze	twelve
/ˈθeɾ.ka/	cerca	/ˈseɾ.kɐ/	cerca	near, around
/θe.ˈsaɾ/	cesar	/sɨ.ˈsaɾ/	cessar	to cease, stop
/θi.ˈβil/	civil	/si.ˈviɫ/	civil	civil
/ˈfa.θil/	fácil	/ˈfa.siɫ/	fácil	easy
/a.ˈθeɾ/	hacer	/fɐ.ˈzeɾ/	fazer	to do, make
/ˈtɾe.θe/	trece	/ˈtɾe.zɨ/	treze	thirteen
/ba.ˈθi.o/	vacío	/vɐ.ˈzi.u/	vazio	empty
/ja.ˈθeɾ/	yacer	/ʒɐ.ˈzeɾ/	jazer	to lie
/ˈa.θi.ða/	ácida	/ˈa.si.dɐ/	ácida	sour, acid
/θeɾ.ˈkaɾ/	cercar	/sɨɾ.ˈkaɾ/	cercar	to encircle, surround, fence in
/θe.ˈsa.ða/	cesada	/sɨ.ˈsa.dɐ/	cessada	ceased (f.)
/θju.ˈðað/	ciudad	/si.ˈda.dɨ/	cidade	city
/ko.ˈθi.na/	cocina	/ku.ˈzi.ɲɐ/	cozinha	kitchen
/ˈθi.βi.ka/	cívica	/ˈsi.vi.kɐ/	cívica	civic
/en.ˈθi.na/	encina	/ɐ.ˈzi.ɲɐ/	azinha	holm oak
/ˈlu.θi.ða/	lúcida	/ˈlu.si.dɐ/	lúcida	lucid, bright (f.)
/meɾ.ˈθeð/	merced	/mɨɾ.ˈse/	mercê	mercy, favor
/pla.ˈθeɾ/	placer	/pɾɐ.ˈzeɾ/	prazer	to please
/be.ˈθi.na/	vecina	/vi.ˈzi.ɲɐ/	vizinha	neighbor
/ben.ˈθeɾ/	vencer	/vẽ.ˈseɾ/	vencer	to conquer
/ka.ˈtoɾ.θe/	catorce	/kɐ.ˈtoɾ.zɨ/	catorze	fourteen
/θeɾ.ˈka.ða/	cercada	/sɨɾ.ˈka.dɐ/	cercada	encircled, fenced (f.)
/θeɾ.ˈβi.na/	cervina	/sɨɾ.ˈvi.nɐ/	cervina	deer-like
/θe.sa.ˈðoɾ/	cesador	/sɨ.sɐ.ˈdoɾ/	cessador	one who ceases (rare)
/ek.ˈθep.to/	excepto	/iʃ.ˈse.tu/	exceto	except
/ˈmaɾ.θi.ða/	márcida	/ˈmaɾ.si.dɐ/	márcida	withered
/ˈpla.θi.ða/	plácida	/ˈpla.si.dɐ/	plácida	placid, calm (f.)
/θeɾ.ka.ˈðoɾ/	cercador	/sɨɾ.kɐ.ˈdoɾ/	cercador	encircler, fence-builder
/pɾin.ˈθi.pjo/	principio	/pɾĩ.ˈsi.pju/	princípio	beginning
/a.ˈθe.ðo/	acedo	/ɐ.ˈze.du/	azedo	sour (archaic)
/ˈon.θe/	once	/ˈõ.zɨ/	onze	eleven
/ˈθiŋ.ko/	cinco	/ˈsĩ.ku/	cinco	five
/ˈθin.ta/	cinta	/ˈsĩ.tɐ/	cinta	ribbon, belt
/de.ˈθiɾ/	decir	/dɨ.ˈzeɾ/	dizer	to say, tell
/ˈdul.θe/	dulce	/ˈdɔ.sɨ/	doce	sweet
/ˈθen.tɾo/	centro	/ˈsẽ.tɾu/	centro	center
/ˈθjen.to/	ciento	/ˈsẽ.tu/	cento	hundred
/ˈθjeɾ.ta/	cierta	/ˈsɛɾ.tɐ/	certa	sure, certain
/ˈθjeɾ.βa/	cierva	/ˈsɛɾ.vɐ/	cerva	doe
/ˈθjeɾ.βo/	ciervo	/ˈseɾ.vu/	cervo	deer
/ˈde.θi.ma/	décima	/ˈdɛ.si.mɐ/	décima	tenth (f.)
/ˈkin.θe/	quince	/ˈkĩ.zɨ/	quinze	fifteen
/θe.ˈsan.te/	cesante	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃.tɨ/	cessante	ceasing, dismissed
/θeɾ.ˈkan.te/	cercante	/sɨɾ.ˈkɐ̃.tɨ/	cercante	encircling
/de.ˈθjen.te/	deciente	/dɨ.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	decente	decent (rare; modern uses decente)
/lu.ˈθjen.te/	luciente	/lu.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	lucente	shining, bright
/ta.ˈθjen.te/	taciente	/tɐ.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	tacente	silent
/ja.ˈθjen.te/	yaciente	/ʒɐ.ˈzẽ.tɨ/	jazente	lying
/θiŋ.ˈkwen.ta/	cincuenta	/sĩ.ˈkwẽ.tɐ/	cinquenta	fifty
/di.ˈθjem.bɾe/	diciembre	/dɨ.ˈzẽ.bɾu/	dezembro	December
/pla.ˈθjen.te/	placiente	/pɾɐ.ˈzẽ.tɨ/	prazente	pleasing
/ben.ˈθjen.te/	venciente	/vẽ.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	vencente	winning, winner
/θjen/	cien	/ˈsẽ.tu/	cento	one hundred (apocopated)
/θe.ˈsan.do/	cesando	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃.du/	cessando	ceasing (gerund)
/θeɾ.ˈkan.do/	cercando	/sɨɾ.ˈkɐ̃.du/	cercando	encircling (gerund)
/du.ˈθjen.te/	duciente	/du.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	ducente	leading (archaic)
/ˈθi.fɾa/	cifra	/ˈsi.fɾɐ/	cifra	cipher, digit
/ˈθe.ɾo/	cero	/ˈsi.fɾɐ/	cifra	cero
/ˈθe.ɾo/	cero	/ˈzɛ.ɾu/	zero	cero
/ˈθi.fɾa/	cifra	/ˈzɛ.ɾu/	zero	cipher, digit
/ka.ˈθi.ke/	cacique	/kɐ.ˈsi.kɨ/	cacique	tribal chief, political boss

→ /θ/⟨z⟩ · before front vowel · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/oθ/	hoz	/ˈfoj.sɨ/	foice	sickle
/ˈba.o.θi/	baozi	/ˈba.u.zi/	baozi	baozi, steamed bun
/ˈθa.θen/	zazen	/ˈza.zẽ/	zazen	zazen, seated Zen meditation
/ka.mi.ˈka.θe/	kamikaze	/kɐ.mi.ˈka.zɨ/	kamikaze	kamikaze
/θen/	zen	/zɛn/	zen	zen

→ /θ/⟨c⟩ · not before front vowel, before diphthong · 25

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/pa.ˈla.θjo/	palacio	/pɐ.ˈla.sju/	palácio	palace
/ˈθe.na/	cena	/ˈsej.ɐ/	ceia	dinner
/ˈθje.lo/	cielo	/sɛw/	céu	sky
/na.ˈθjon/	nación	/nɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	nação	nation
/no.ˈθjon/	noción	/nu.ˈsɐ̃w/	noção	notion
/kan.ˈθjon/	canción	/kɐ̃.ˈsɐ̃w/	canção	song
/e.ði.ˈθjon/	edición	/i.di.ˈsɐ̃w/	edição	edition
/e.mo.ˈθjon/	emoción	/i.mu.ˈsɐ̃w/	emoção	emotion
/fun.ˈθjon/	función	/fũ.ˈsɐ̃w/	função	function
/lek.ˈθjon/	lección	/li.ˈsɐ̃w/	lição	lesson, lecture
/o.ɾa.ˈθjon/	oración	/u.ɾɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	oração	prayer, sentence
/poɾ.ˈθjon/	porción	/puɾ.ˈsɐ̃w/	porção	portion, share
/sek.ˈθjon/	sección	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃w/	seção	section
/a.ten.ˈθjon/	atención	/ɐ.tɨn.ˈsɐ̃w/	atenção	attention
/de.βo.ˈθjon/	devoción	/dɨ.vu.ˈsɐ̃w/	devoção	devotion
/es.ta.ˈθjon/	estación	/iʃ.tɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	estação	station, season
/po.zi.ˈθjon/	posición	/pu.zi.ˈsɐ̃w/	posição	position
/re.la.ˈθjon/	relación	/ʁɨ.lɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	relação	relation, relationship
/tɾaj.ˈθjon/	traición	/tɾɐj.ˈsɐ̃w/	traição	betrayal, treason
/tɾaj.ˈθjon/	traición	/tɾɐ.di.ˈsɐ̃w/	tradição	betrayal ≠ tradition
/kon.di.ˈθjon/	condición	/kõ.di.ˈsɐ̃w/	condição	condition
/tɾa.ði.ˈθjon/	tradición	/tɾɐ.di.ˈsɐ̃w/	tradição	tradition
/tɾa.ði.ˈθjon/	tradición	/tɾɐj.ˈsɐ̃w/	traição	tradition ≠ betrayal
/a.ˈθej.te/	aceite	/ɐ.ˈzej.tɨ/	azeite	oil
/a.θej.ˈtu.na/	aceituna	/ɐ.zej.ˈtɔ.nɐ/	azeitona	olive

→ /θ/⟨z⟩ · not before front vowel, before diphthong · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ra.ˈθon/	razón	/ʁɐ.ˈzɐ̃w/	razão	reason
/sa.ˈθon/	sazón	/sɐ.ˈzɐ̃w/	sazão	season, ripeness
/ko.ɾa.ˈθon/	corazón	/ku.ɾɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	coração	heart
/θaj.ˈβa.tsu/	zaibatsu	/zaj.ˈba.tsu/	zaibatsu	zaibatsu
/ban.ˈθa.i/	banzai	/bɐ̃.ˈzaj/	banzai	banzai

→ /θ/⟨z⟩ · not before front vowel, not before diphthong · 30

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈka.θa/	caza	/ˈka.sɐ/	caça	hunt
/ˈpo.θo/	pozo	/ˈpo.su/	poço	well
/ˈbɾa.θo/	brazo	/ˈbɾa.su/	braço	arm
/ka.ˈθaɾ/	cazar	/kɐ.ˈsaɾ/	caçar	to hunt
/ˈmaɾ.θo/	marzo	/ˈmaɾ.su/	março	March
/ka.ˈβe.θa/	cabeza	/kɐ.ˈbe.sɐ/	cabeça	head
/e.ˈtʃi.θo/	hechizo	/fej.ˈti.su/	feitiço	spell, charm
/ˈfweɾ.θa/	fuerza	/ˈfɔɾ.sɐ/	força	force, strength
/man.ˈθa.na/	manzana	/mɐ.ˈsɐ̃/	maçã	apple
/a.ˈθaɾ/	azar	/ɐ.ˈzaɾ/	azar	chance, hazard, luck
/a.ˈθul/	azul	/ɐ.ˈzuɫ/	azul	blue
/a.ˈθu.ða/	azuda	/ɐ.ˈsu.dɨ/	açude	dam, weir, water wheel
/a.ˈθu.kaɾ/	azúcar	/ɐ.ˈsu.kɐɾ/	açúcar	sugar
/a.θu.ˈle.xo/	azulejo	/ɐ.zu.ˈle.ʒu/	azulejo	ceramic tile, glazed tile
/al.mo.ˈa.θa/	almohaza	/aɫ.mu.ˈfa.sɐ/	almofaça	currycomb
/a.θa.ˈfɾan/	azafrán	/ɐ.sɐ.ˈfɾɐ̃w/	açafrão	saffron
/θaɾ/	zar	/zaɾ/	czar	zar (tsar)
/ˈʝu.θu/	yuzu	/ˈju.zu/	yuzu	yuzu
/ˈθo.ɾi/	zori	/ˈzo.ɾi/	zori	zori, Japanese sandals
/a.ˈθu.ki/	azuki	/ɐ.ˈzu.ki/	azuki	azuki, red bean
/ba.ˈθaɾ/	bazar	/bɐ.ˈzaɾ/	bazar	bazaar, marketplace
/ˈθa.θen/	zazen	/ˈza.zẽ/	zazen	zazen, seated Zen meditation
/ʝa.ˈku.θa/	yakuza	/jɐ.ˈku.zɐ/	yakuza	yakuza
/ˈtʃa.θu.ke/	chazuke	/ˈʃa.zu.kɨ/	chazuke	chazuke, rice with tea
/i.θa.ˈka.ʝa/	izakaya	/i.zɐ.ˈka.jɐ/	izakaya	izakaya, Japanese pub
/ma.ˈθuɾ.ka/	mazurca	/mɐ.ˈzuɾ.kɐ/	mazurca	mazurca
/ʝo.ko.ˈθu.na/	yokozuna	/ju.kɔ.ˈzu.nɐ/	yokozuna	yokozuna, sumo grand champion
/ˈgʝo.θa/	gyoza	/ˈgjɔ.zɐ/	gyoza	gyoza, fried dumpling
/ˈpon.θu/	ponzu	/ˈpõ.zu/	ponzu	ponzu, citrus sauce
/ˈkleθ.meɾ/	klezmer	/ˈklɛz.mɨɾ/	klezmer	klezmer, Jewish folk music

→ /s/⟨s⟩ · not before front vowel, not before diphthong · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈo.sa/	osa	/ˈuɾ.sɐ/	ursa	she-bear
/ˈo.so/	oso	/ˈuɾ.su/	urso	bear
/ma.ˈdɾa.sa/	madrasa	/mɐ.ˈdɾa.sɐ/	madraça	madrasa

→ /θ/⟨c⟩ · not before front vowel, not before diphthong · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈpɾe.θjo/	precio	/ˈpɾe.su/	preço	price
/ˈteɾ.θjo/	tercio	/ˈteɾ.su/	terço	third

→ /ts/⟨ts⟩ · not before front vowel, not before diphthong · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/tsaɾ/	tsar	/zaɾ/	czar	tsar, Russian emperor

/ʎ, ʒ, ∅⟨ch⟩/⟨g, j, lh, ch, z⟩ → /x/114 pairs

source

→ /x/⟨g⟩ · ⟨g⟩, in final syllable · 4

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/i.ˈma.xen/	imagen	/i.ˈma.ʒɐ̃j/	imagem	image
/ˈmaɾ.xen/	margen	/ˈmaɾ.ʒɐ̃j/	margem	margin, edge
/o.ˈɾi.xen/	origen	/ɔ.ˈɾi.ʒɐ̃j/	origem	origin
/ˈbiɾ.xen/	virgen	/ˈviɾ.ʒɐ̃j/	virgem	virgin

→ /x/⟨j⟩ · ⟨g⟩, in final syllable · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈbja.xe/	viaje	/vi.ˈa.ʒɐ̃j/	viagem	journey, trip
/paj.ˈsa.xe/	paisaje	/pɐj.ˈza.ʒɐ̃j/	paisagem	landscape
/al.ˈfaŋ.xe/	alfanje	/aɫ.ˈfɐ̃.ʒɨ/	alfange	scimitar, broadsword (archaic)

→ /ɣ/⟨g⟩ · ⟨g⟩, in final syllable · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kin.ˈtsu.ɣi/	kintsugi	/kĩ.ˈtsu.ʒi/	kintsugi	kintsugi, golden-joinery repair
/ˈʝo.ɣi/	yogi	/ˈjɔ.ʒi/	yogi	yogui, yoga practitioner
/ba.ˈɣel/	bagel	/ba.ˈʒɛw/	bagel	bagel

→ /x/⟨g⟩ · ⟨g⟩, not in final syllable · 28

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈxe.ma/	gema	/ˈʒe.mɐ/	gema	gem, yolk
/xi.ˈɾaɾ/	girar	/ʒi.ˈɾaɾ/	girar	to turn, rotate
/xen.ˈtil/	gentil	/ʒẽ.ˈtiɫ/	gentil	gentle, noble
/xi.ˈɾa.ða/	girada	/ʒi.ˈɾa.dɐ/	girada	turned (f.)
/ˈma.xi.ka/	mágica	/ˈma.ʒi.kɐ/	mágica	magical
/ˈpa.xi.na/	página	/ˈpa.ʒi.nɐ/	página	page
/ˈri.xi.ða/	rígida	/ˈʁi.ʒi.dɐ/	rígida	rigid, stiff (f.)
/ˈal.xi.ða/	álgida	/ˈaɫ.ʒi.dɐ/	álgida	algid, peak (f.)
/ˈfɾi.xi.ða/	frígida	/ˈfɾi.ʒi.dɐ/	frígida	frigid, cold (f.)
/xe.ne.ˈɾal/	general	/ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾaɫ/	general	general (adjective/noun)
/xi.ɾa.ˈðoɾ/	girador	/ʒi.ɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	girador	turner, drawer (of a check)
/ˈtuɾ.xi.ða/	túrgida	/ˈtuɾ.ʒi.dɐ/	túrgida	turgid, swollen (f.)
/xe.ne.ˈɾo.so/	generoso	/ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾo.zu/	generoso	generous
/aɾ.xen.ˈti.na/	argentina	/ɐɾ.ʒẽ.ˈti.nɐ/	argentina	silvery, Argentine
/xeɾ.ˈma.ni.ka/	germánica	/ʒɨɾ.ˈma.ni.kɐ/	germânica	Germanic
/ˈxen.te/	gente	/ˈʒẽ.tɨ/	gente	people, folk
/a.ˈxen.te/	agente	/ɐ.ˈʒẽ.tɨ/	agente	agent
/ˈlo.xi.ka/	lógica	/ˈlɔ.ʒi.kɐ/	lógica	logic
/ˈlo.xi.ko/	lógico	/ˈlɔ.ʒi.ku/	lógico	logical
/xi.ˈɣan.te/	gigante	/ʒi.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/	gigante	giant
/xi.ˈɾan.te/	girante	/ʒi.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/	girante	turning
/re.ˈxen.te/	regente	/ʁɨ.ˈʒẽ.tɨ/	regente	regent, ruler
/bi.xi.ˈlan.te/	vigilante	/vi.ʒi.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/	vigilante	vigilant, watchful
/a.ˈxen.do/	agendo	/ɐ.ˈʒẽ.du/	agindo	acting (gerund; archaic)
/xi.ˈɾan.do/	girando	/ʒi.ˈɾɐ̃.du/	girando	turning (gerund)
/re.ˈxen.do/	regendo	/ʁɨ.ˈʒẽ.du/	regendo	ruling (archaic; modern uses rigiendo)
/ˈal.xe.βɾa/	álgebra	/ˈaɫ.ʒɨ.bɾɐ/	álgebra	algebra
/ˈe.xi.ɾa/	hégira	/ˈɛ.ʒi.ɾɐ/	hégira	Hijra

→ /x/⟨j⟩ · ⟨g⟩, not in final syllable · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/xi.ˈɾa.fa/	jirafa	/ʒi.ˈɾa.fɐ/	girafa	giraffe

→ /x/⟨j⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 61

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈa.xo/	ajo	/ˈa.ʎu/	alho	garlic
/ˈo.xo/	ojo	/ˈo.ʎu/	olho	eye
/ˈi.xa/	hija	/ˈfi.ʎɐ/	filha	daughter
/ˈi.xo/	hijo	/ˈfi.ʎu/	filho	son
/ˈo.xa/	hoja	/ˈfo.ʎɐ/	folha	leaf
/ˈmi.xo/	mijo	/ˈmi.ʎu/	milho	millet
/ˈpa.xa/	paja	/ˈpa.ʎɐ/	palha	straw
/ˈte.xa/	teja	/ˈte.ʎɐ/	telha	roof tile
/a.ˈβe.xa/	abeja	/ɐ.ˈbe.ʎɐ/	abelha	bee
/a.ˈɣu.xa/	aguja	/ɐ.ˈgu.ʎɐ/	agulha	needle
/ˈkwa.xo/	cuajo	/ku.ˈa.ʎu/	coalho	rennet, curd
/xu.ˈɾaɾ/	jurar	/ʒu.ˈɾaɾ/	jurar	to swear
/ˈxus.ta/	justa	/ˈʒuʃ.tɐ/	justa	just, right (f.)
/o.ˈɾe.xa/	oreja	/u.ˈɾe.ʎɐ/	orelha	ear
/ˈpjo.xo/	piojo	/pi.ˈo.ʎu/	piolho	louse
/ko.ˈne.xo/	conejo	/ku.ˈe.ʎu/	coelho	rabbit
/es.ˈpe.xo/	espejo	/iʃ.ˈpe.ʎu/	espelho	mirror
/xu.ˈɾa.ða/	jurada	/ʒu.ˈɾa.dɐ/	jurada	sworn (f.)
/ma.ˈno.xo/	manojo	/ˈmo.ʎu/	molho	handful, bunch
/a.pa.ˈɾe.xo/	aparejo	/ɐ.pɐ.ˈɾe.ʎu/	aparelho	gear, tackle, rig
/beɾ.ˈme.xo/	bermejo	/vɨɾ.ˈme.ʎu/	vermelho	vermilion, reddish
/kon.ˈse.xo/	consejo	/kõ.ˈse.ʎu/	conselho	counsel, advice
/xu.ɾa.ˈðoɾ/	jurador	/ʒu.ɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	jurador	swearer, juror
/tɾa.βa.ˈxaɾ/	trabajar	/tɾɐ.bɐ.ˈʎaɾ/	trabalhar	to work
/ˈta.xa/	taja	/ˈta.ʎɐ/	talha	cutting (archaic; modern usage prefers m. 'tajo')
/ˈxo.βen/	joven	/ˈʒɔ.vɐ̃j/	jovem	young person
/ˈxwe.ɣo/	juego	/ˈʒo.gu/	jogo	game
/ˈxun.ta/	junta	/ˈʒũ.tɐ/	junta	assembly, council
/ˈxun.to/	junto	/ˈʒũ.tu/	junto	joined, together
/me.ˈxoɾ/	mejor	/mɨ.ˈʎɔɾ/	melhor	better
/mu.ˈxeɾ/	mujer	/mu.ˈʎɛɾ/	mulher	woman
/ˈo.βe.xa/	oveja	/ˈɔ.vɨ.ʎɐ/	ovelha	sheep
/ˈbje.xa/	vieja	/ˈvɛ.ʎɐ/	velha	old
/xu.ˈɾan.te/	jurante	/ʒu.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/	jurante	swearing, oath-taker
/len.ˈte.xa/	lenteja	/lẽ.ˈti.ʎɐ/	lentilha	lentil
/xu.ˈɾan.do/	jurando	/ʒu.ˈɾɐ̃.du/	jurando	swearing (gerund)
/xa.ˈeθ/	jaez	/ʒɐ.ˈeʒ/	jaez	harness, manner, sort
/ˈxa.ra/	jarra	/ˈʒa.ʁɐ/	jarra	jar, pitcher
/al.ˈxa.βa/	aljaba	/aɫ.ˈʒa.vɐ/	aljava	quiver
/a.θu.ˈle.xo/	azulejo	/ɐ.zu.ˈle.ʒu/	azulejo	ceramic tile, glazed tile
/ˈdo.xo/	dojo	/ˈdo.ʒu/	dojo	dojo
/ˈxa.pa/	japa	/ˈʒa.pɐ/	japa	japa, mantra recitation
/ˈxi.βa/	jiva	/ˈʒi.vɐ/	jiva	jiva
/ra.ˈxa/	rajá	/ʁɐ.ˈʒa/	rajá	rajah
/ˈso.xu/	soju	/ˈso.ʒu/	soju	soju
/ˈba.xi/	bhaji	/ˈba.ʒi/	bhaji	bhaji, vegetable fritter
/ˈxa.ɣat/	jagat	/ʒɐ.ˈgat/	jagat	jagat, the world
/ˈxna.na/	jnana	/ˈʒna.nɐ/	jnana	jnana, knowledge
/ˈniŋ.xa/	ninja	/ˈnin.ʒɐ/	ninja	ninja
/ˈʃo.xi/	shoji	/ˈʃo.ʒi/	shoji	shoji
/xa.ˈɣwaɾ/	jaguar	/ʒɐ.ˈgwaɾ/	jaguar	jaguar
/xa.ˈle.βi/	jalebi	/ʒɐ.ˈle.bi/	jalebi	jalebi, fried sweet
/pi.ˈxa.ma/	pijama	/pi.ˈʒa.mɐ/	pijama	pyjamas
/ma.a.ɾa.ˈxa/	maharajá	/mɐ.ɐ.ɾɐ.ˈʒa/	maharajá	maharaja, Indian prince
/ma.a.ɾa.ˈxa/	maharajá	/mɐ.ɾɐ.ˈʒa/	marajá	maharaja, Indian prince
/xi.u.ˈxi.tsu/	jiu-jitsu	/ʒi.u.ˈʒi.tsu/	jiu-jitsu	jiu-jitsu
/e.ˈmo.xi/	emoji	/i.ˈmɔ.ʒi/	emoji	emoji
/ˈxeŋ.ga/	jenga	/ˈʒẽ.gɐ/	jenga	jenga
/ˈkaŋ.xi/	kanji	/ˈkɐ̃.ʒi/	kanji	kanji
/ˈxuŋ.gla/	jungla	/ˈʒɐ̃.gaw/	jângal	jungle
/ˈxap.tʃe/	japchae	/ʒɐp.ˈʃe/	japchae	japchae, Korean glass noodles

→ /ʝ/⟨y⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/i.ˈʝab/	hiyab	/i.ˈʒab/	hijab	hiyab
/ʝi.ˈad/	yihad	/ʒi.ˈad/	jihad	yihad

→ /l/⟨l⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/le/	le	/ʎɨ/	lhe	to him/her (clitic dat)

→ /dʒ/⟨j⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈman.dʒu/	manju	/ˈmɐ̃.ʒu/	manju	manju, steamed sweet bun
/ma.ˈdʒaŋ/	mahjong	/mɐ.ˈʒɐ̃/	mahjong	mahjong, tile game

→ /x/⟨ch⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈxuts.pa/	chutzpah	/ˈuts.pɐ/	chutzpah	chutzpah, audacity

→ /sl/⟨sl⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈis.la/	isla	/ˈi.ʎɐ/	ilha	island

→ /θ/⟨z⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/xa.ˈeθ/	jaez	/ʒɐ.ˈeʒ/	jaez	harness, manner, sort

→ /ʝ/⟨j⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈʝu.ðo/	judo	/ʒu.ˈdo/	judô	judo

→ /ŋ/⟨n⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/na.ˈɾaŋ.xa/	naranja	/lɐ.ˈɾɐ̃.ʒɐ/	laranja	orange (fruit)

→ /s/⟨s⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈke.so/	queso	/ˈkej.ʒu/	queijo	cheese

→ /ʎ/⟨ll⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈta.ʎa/	talla	/ˈta.ʎɐ/	talha	cut, carving

→ /ʝa/⟨ya⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ʝa/	ya	/ʒa/	já	already

→ /x/⟨g⟩ · ⟨j, lh, ch, z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈaŋ.xel/	ángel	/ˈɐ̃.ʒu/	anjo	angel

/ɫ, l, ∅⟨l⟩/⟨l⟩ → /l, ʎ/400 pairs

source

→ /l/⟨l⟩ · 364

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/el/	él	/ˈe.lɨ/	ele	he
/ˈa.la/	ala	/ˈa.lɐ/	ala	wing
/luθ/	luz	/luʃ/	luz	light
/mil/	mil	/miɫ/	mil	thousand
/sal/	sal	/saɫ/	sal	salt
/tal/	tal	/taɫ/	tal	such
/ˈal.βa/	alba	/ˈaɫ.vɐ/	alva	dawn
/ˈal.βo/	albo	/ˈaɫ.vu/	alvo	white (rare/poetic)
/ˈal.ɣo/	algo	/ˈaɫ.gu/	algo	something
/ˈal.ma/	alma	/ˈaɫ.mɐ/	alma	soul
/ˈal.ta/	alta	/ˈaɫ.tɐ/	alta	high
/kwal/	cual	/kwaɫ/	qual	which, what
/floɾ/	flor	/floɾ/	flor	flower
/ˈla.ðo/	lado	/ˈla.du/	lado	side
/ˈla.ɣo/	lago	/ˈla.gu/	lago	lake
/le.ˈal/	leal	/lɨ.ˈaɫ/	leal	loyal, faithful
/le.ˈeɾ/	leer	/leɾ/	ler	to read
/ˈle.ɲo/	leño	/ˈle.ɲu/	lenho	log
/ˈli.no/	lino	/ˈli.ɲu/	linho	flax, linen
/lo.ˈaɾ/	loar	/low.ˈvaɾ/	louvar	to praise
/ˈlo.βa/	loba	/ˈlo.bɐ/	loba	she-wolf
/ˈlo.βo/	lobo	/ˈlo.bu/	lobo	wolf
/ˈlo.ðo/	lodo	/ˈlo.du/	lodo	mud
/ˈlu.na/	luna	/ˈlu.ɐ/	lua	moon
/ˈmu.la/	mula	/ˈmu.lɐ/	mula	mule
/o.ˈɾal/	oral	/u.ˈɾaɫ/	oral	oral
/ˈpe.lo/	pelo	/ˈpe.lu/	pelo	hair
/pjel/	piel	/ˈpɛ.lɨ/	pele	skin
/a.ˈβɾil/	abril	/ɐ.ˈbɾiɫ/	abril	April
/al.ˈtaɾ/	altar	/aɫ.ˈtaɾ/	altar	altar
/a.ˈkel/	aquel	/ɐ.ˈke.lɨ/	aquele	that one (yonder, m.)
/ˈbaj.le/	baile	/ˈbaj.lɨ/	baile	dance
/ka.ˈlaɾ/	calar	/kɐ.ˈlaɾ/	calar	to soak through ≠ to silence
/ˈkal.da/	calda	/ˈkaɫ.dɐ/	calda	hot, warm
/ˈkal.do/	caldo	/ˈkaɫ.du/	caldo	broth
/ka.ˈloɾ/	calor	/kɐ.ˈloɾ/	calor	heat
/ˈkal.βa/	calva	/ˈkaɫ.vɐ/	calva	bald (f.)
/θi.ˈβil/	civil	/si.ˈviɫ/	civil	civil
/ˈkla.ɾa/	clara	/ˈkla.ɾɐ/	clara	clear (f.)
/ˈkul.pa/	culpa	/ˈkuɫ.pɐ/	culpa	fault, guilt
/ˈkul.ta/	culta	/ˈkuɫ.tɐ/	culta	cultivated, educated
/ˈkul.to/	culto	/ˈkuɫ.tu/	culto	cult, worship
/fa.ˈlaθ/	falaz	/fɐ.ˈlaʃ/	falaz	deceitful, fallacious
/ˈfal.sa/	falsa	/ˈfaɫ.sɐ/	falsa	false (f.)
/fa.ˈtal/	fatal	/fɐ.ˈtaɫ/	fatal	fatal
/fe.ˈliθ/	feliz	/fɨ.ˈliʃ/	feliz	happy, fortunate
/ˈfa.θil/	fácil	/ˈfa.siɫ/	fácil	easy
/la.ˈβoɾ/	labor	/lɐ.ˈvoɾ/	lavor	labor, work
/ˈlaɾ.ðo/	lardo	/ˈlaɾ.du/	lardo	lard
/ˈlaɾ.ɣa/	larga	/ˈlaɾ.gɐ/	larga	wide, long
/la.ˈβaɾ/	lavar	/lɐ.ˈvaɾ/	lavar	to wash
/le.ˈɣal/	legal	/lɨ.ˈgaɫ/	legal	legal
/ˈle.tɾa/	letra	/ˈle.tɾɐ/	letra	letter
/ˈli.βɾa/	libra	/ˈli.bɾɐ/	libra	pound
/ˈli.βɾe/	libre	/ˈli.vɾɨ/	livre	free
/ˈli.βɾo/	libro	/ˈli.vɾu/	livro	book
/li.ˈmaɾ/	limar	/li.ˈmaɾ/	limar	to file, smooth
/lo.ˈa.ða/	loada	/low.ˈva.dɐ/	louvada	praised (f.)
/lo.ˈkaɾ/	locar	/lu.ˈkaɾ/	locar	to rent, place
/lu.ˈɣaɾ/	lugar	/lu.ˈgaɾ/	lugar	place
/lu.ˈnaɾ/	lunar	/lu.ˈnaɾ/	lunar	lunar
/ˈli.ne.a/	línea	/ˈli.ɲɐ/	linha	line
/mo.ˈɾal/	moral	/mu.ˈɾaɫ/	moral	moral, ethical
/ˈmul.ta/	multa	/ˈmuɫ.tɐ/	multa	fine, penalty
/mu.ˈɾal/	mural	/mu.ˈɾaɫ/	mural	mural, wall
/na.ˈsal/	nasal	/nɐ.ˈzaɫ/	nasal	nasal
/na.ˈtal/	natal	/nɐ.ˈtaɫ/	natal	natal
/na.ˈβal/	naval	/nɐ.ˈvaɫ/	naval	naval
/o.ˈli.βa/	oliva	/u.ˈli.vɐ/	oliva	olive
/ˈpal.ma/	palma	/ˈpaɫ.mɐ/	palma	palm
/ˈplu.ma/	pluma	/ˈplu.mɐ/	pluma	feather, pen
/ˈpul.so/	pulso	/ˈpuɫ.su/	pulso	pulse, wrist
/sa.ˈlaɾ/	salar	/sɐ.ˈlaɾ/	salar	to salt
/ˈsal.sa/	salsa	/ˈsaɫ.sɐ/	salsa	sauce ≠ parsley
/ˈsal.to/	salto	/ˈsaɫ.tu/	salto	leap, jump
/se.ˈɲal/	señal	/si.ˈnaɫ/	sinal	sign, signal
/so.ˈlaɾ/	solar	/su.ˈlaɾ/	solar	solar
/to.ˈtal/	total	/tu.ˈtaɫ/	total	total
/ba.ˈleɾ/	valer	/vɐ.ˈleɾ/	valer	to be worth
/ba.ˈloɾ/	valor	/vɐ.ˈloɾ/	valor	value
/be.ˈlaɾ/	velar	/vɨ.ˈlaɾ/	velar	to veil, watch over
/bi.ˈtal/	vital	/vi.ˈtaɫ/	vital	vital
/bo.ˈkal/	vocal	/vu.ˈkaɫ/	vocal	vocal, vowel
/al.ˈpi.na/	alpina	/aɫ.ˈpi.nɐ/	alpina	alpine
/al.ˈtu.ɾa/	altura	/aɫ.ˈtu.ɾɐ/	altura	height
/a.ni.ˈmal/	animal	/ɐ.ni.ˈmaɫ/	animal	animal
/baj.ˈlaɾ/	bailar	/baj.ˈlaɾ/	bailar	to dance
/bɾu.ˈtal/	brutal	/bɾu.ˈtaɫ/	brutal	brutal
/ka.ˈla.ða/	calada	/kɐ.ˈla.dɐ/	calada	silenced, soaked (f.)
/kal.ˈkaɾ/	calcar	/kaɫ.ˈkaɾ/	calcar	to trace ≠ to tread
/kaɾ.ˈnal/	carnal	/kɐɾ.ˈnaɫ/	carnal	carnal
/kla.ˈmoɾ/	clamor	/klɐ.ˈmoɾ/	clamor	clamor, uproar
/ˈka.li.ða/	cálida	/ˈka.li.dɐ/	cálida	warm, hot (f.)
/den.ˈtal/	dental	/dẽ.ˈtaɫ/	dental	dental
/es.ˈka.la/	escala	/iʃ.ˈka.lɐ/	escala	stair, scale
/fe.ˈli.na/	felina	/fɨ.ˈli.nɐ/	felina	feline
/ˈflu.i.ða/	fluida	/ˈflu.i.dɐ/	fluida	fluid
/foɾ.ˈmal/	formal	/fuɾ.ˈmaɫ/	formal	formal
/fɾu.ˈɣal/	frugal	/fɾu.ˈgaɫ/	frugal	frugal
/xen.ˈtil/	gentil	/ʒẽ.ˈtiɫ/	gentil	gentle, noble
/a.ˈβlaɾ/	hablar	/fɐ.ˈlaɾ/	falar	to speak
/la.ˈðɾaɾ/	ladrar	/lɐ.ˈdɾaɾ/	ladrar	to bark
/la.ˈno.so/	lanoso	/lɐ.ˈno.zu/	lanoso	woolly
/la.ˈti.na/	latina	/lɐ.ˈti.nɐ/	latina	Latin
/la.ˈβa.ða/	lavada	/lɐ.ˈva.dɐ/	lavada	washed
/le.ˈɣa.ða/	legada	/lɨ.ˈga.dɐ/	legada	tied (f.)
/li.ˈβɾaɾ/	librar	/li.ˈvɾaɾ/	livrar	to free, save, deliver
/li.ˈma.ða/	limada	/li.ˈma.dɐ/	limada	filed, smoothed (f.)
/ˈli.mi.te/	límite	/ˈli.mi.tɨ/	limite	limit
/li.ˈmo.so/	limoso	/li.ˈmo.zu/	limoso	muddy
/lo.a.ˈðoɾ/	loador	/low.vɐ.ˈdoɾ/	louvador	praiser
/lo.ˈka.ða/	locada	/lu.ˈka.dɐ/	locada	rented, placed
/lu.ˈtʃaɾ/	luchar	/lu.ˈtaɾ/	lutar	to fight
/ˈli.βi.ða/	lívida	/ˈli.vi.dɐ/	lívida	livid (f.)
/ˈlu.θi.ða/	lúcida	/ˈlu.si.dɐ/	lúcida	lucid, bright (f.)
/moɾ.ˈtal/	mortal	/muɾ.ˈtaɫ/	mortal	mortal
/noɾ.ˈmal/	normal	/nuɾ.ˈmaɫ/	normal	normal
/o.to.ˈɲal/	otoñal	/ow.tu.ˈnaɫ/	outonal	autumnal
/plu.ˈɾal/	plural	/plu.ˈɾaɫ/	plural	plural
/ˈpa.li.ða/	pálida	/ˈpa.li.dɐ/	pálida	pale (f.)
/sa.ˈla.ða/	salada	/sɐ.ˈla.dɐ/	salada	salted, salad
/sa.ˈli.ða/	salida	/sɐ.ˈli.dɐ/	salida	left, gone out (f.), exit
/sal.ˈtaɾ/	saltar	/saɫ.ˈtaɾ/	saltar	to jump
/sal.ˈβaɾ/	salvar	/saɫ.ˈvaɾ/	salvar	to save
/be.ˈla.ðo/	velado	/vɨ.ˈla.du/	velado	veiled, watched over
/ˈba.li.ða/	válida	/ˈva.li.dɐ/	válida	valid (f.)
/ˈal.xi.ða/	álgida	/ˈaɫ.ʒi.dɐ/	álgida	algid, peak (f.)
/a.laɾ.ˈɣaɾ/	alargar	/ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈgaɾ/	alargar	to lengthen ≠ to widen
/ka.la.ˈðoɾ/	calador	/kɐ.lɐ.ˈdoɾ/	calador	soaker ≠ silencer
/kal.ˈka.ða/	calcada	/kaɫ.ˈka.dɐ/	calcada	trodden (f.)
/ka.pi.ˈtal/	capital	/kɐ.pi.ˈtaɫ/	capital	capital
/ˈkla.si.ka/	clásica	/ˈkla.si.kɐ/	clássica	classical
/kul.ˈtu.ɾa/	cultura	/kuɫ.ˈtu.ɾɐ/	cultura	culture
/de.la.ˈðoɾ/	delador	/dɨ.lɐ.ˈdoɾ/	delador	informer, accuser
/xe.ne.ˈɾal/	general	/ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾaɫ/	general	general (adjective/noun)
/glo.ˈβo.so/	globoso	/glu.ˈbo.zu/	globoso	globular
/i.ˈta.li.ka/	itálica	/i.ˈta.li.kɐ/	itálica	Italic, italic
/la.ˈðɾa.ða/	ladrada	/lɐ.ˈdɾa.dɐ/	ladrada	barked (f.)
/la.βa.ˈðoɾ/	lavador	/lɐ.vɐ.ˈdoɾ/	lavador	washer
/le.ˈtʃa.ðo/	lechado	/lej.ˈta.du/	leitado	milked ≠ suckled
/lek.ˈtu.ɾa/	lectura	/lej.ˈtu.ɾɐ/	leitura	reading
/le.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/	legador	/lɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/	legador	binder, bequeather
/le.o.ˈni.na/	leonina	/lɨ.u.ˈni.nɐ/	leonina	lion-like
/le.ˈpɾo.so/	leproso	/lɨ.ˈpɾo.zu/	leproso	leprous
/le.βe.ˈðað/	levedad	/lɨ.vi.ˈda.dɨ/	levidade	lightness, levity
/li.ma.ˈðoɾ/	limador	/li.mɐ.ˈdoɾ/	limador	filer
/lo.ka.ˈðoɾ/	locador	/lu.kɐ.ˈdoɾ/	locador	lessor, placer
/ˈla.ɣɾi.ma/	lágrima	/ˈla.gɾi.mɐ/	lágrima	tear
/ˈli.ki.ða/	líquida	/ˈli.ki.dɐ/	líquida	liquid (f.)
/mi.li.ˈtaɾ/	militar	/mi.li.ˈtaɾ/	militar	military
/na.tu.ˈɾal/	natural	/nɐ.tu.ˈɾaɫ/	natural	natural
/pa.ˈla.θjo/	palacio	/pɐ.ˈla.sju/	palácio	palace
/ˈpla.θi.ða/	plácida	/ˈpla.si.dɐ/	plácida	placid, calm (f.)
/sa.la.ˈðoɾ/	salador	/sɐ.lɐ.ˈdoɾ/	salador	salter
/sal.ˈta.ða/	saltada	/saɫ.ˈta.dɐ/	saltada	jumped (f.)
/sal.ˈβa.ða/	salvada	/saɫ.ˈva.dɐ/	salvada	saved (f.)
/so.ˈla.ɾjo/	solario	/su.ˈla.ɾju/	solário	solarium
/sol.ˈda.ðo/	soldado	/soɫ.ˈda.du/	soldado	soldier
/be.la.ˈðoɾ/	velador	/vɨ.lɐ.ˈdoɾ/	velador	watcher, night-table
/bol.ˈta.ða/	voltada	/voɫ.ˈta.dɐ/	voltada	turned, flipped (f.)
/a.laɾ.ˈɣa.ða/	alargada	/ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈga.dɐ/	alargada	lengthened ≠ widened
/kal.ka.ˈðoɾ/	calcador	/kɐw.kɐ.ˈdoɾ/	calcador	tracer ≠ treader
/kal.ˈka.ɾjo/	calcario	/kaɫ.ˈka.ɾju/	calcário	chalky, calcareous
/ka.lo.ˈɾo.so/	caloroso	/kɐ.lu.ˈɾo.zu/	caloroso	warm, hearty
/do.lo.ˈɾo.so/	doloroso	/du.lu.ˈɾo.zu/	doloroso	painful, sorrowful
/glo.ˈɾjo.sa/	gloriosa	/glu.ˈɾjo.zɐ/	gloriosa	glorious (f.)
/la.ðɾa.ˈðoɾ/	ladrador	/lɐ.dɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	ladrador	barker
/le.ˈɣum.bɾe/	legumbre	/lɨ.ˈgu.mɨ/	legume	pulse, legume
/li.βe.ˈɾa.ða/	liberada	/li.bɨ.ˈɾa.dɐ/	liberada	freed, liberated
/li.βeɾ.ˈtað/	libertad	/li.bɨɾ.ˈda.dɨ/	liberdade	liberty
/li.βɾa.ˈðoɾ/	librador	/li.vɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	livrador	deliverer
/lu.mi.ˈno.so/	luminoso	/lu.mi.ˈno.zu/	luminoso	luminous
/pa.la.ˈti.na/	palatina	/pɐ.lɐ.ˈti.nɐ/	palatina	palatine
/po.ˈli.ti.ka/	política	/pu.ˈli.ti.kɐ/	política	politics
/po.ˈli.ti.ko/	político	/pu.ˈli.ti.ku/	político	political
/sal.ta.ˈðoɾ/	saltador	/saɫ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	saltador	jumper
/sal.βa.ˈðoɾ/	salvador	/saɫ.vɐ.ˈdoɾ/	salvador	savior
/ba.lo.ˈɾo.so/	valoroso	/vɐ.lu.ˈɾo.zu/	valoroso	valorous, brave
/bol.ta.ˈðoɾ/	voltador	/voɫ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	voltador	flipper, somersaulter
/a.laɾ.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/	alargador	/ɐ.lɐɾ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/	alargador	lengthener, extender
/ko.ko.ˈðɾi.lo/	cocodrilo	/kɾu.ku.ˈdi.lu/	crocodilo	crocodile
/la.kɾi.ˈmo.so/	lacrimoso	/lɐ.kɾi.ˈmo.zu/	lacrimoso	tearful
/plan.ˈta.ɾjo/	plantario	/plɐ̃.ˈta.ɾju/	plantário	plantar ≠ plantation
/kɾis.ta.ˈli.na/	cristalina	/kɾiʃ.tɐ.ˈli.nɐ/	cristalina	crystalline
/ˈla.ða/	lada	/ˈla.dɐ/	lada	broad (archaic; modern usage: 'ancha' from a different etymon)
/ˈle.ða/	leda	/ˈle.dɐ/	leda	happy, glad (f., literary/archaic)
/sol/	sol	/sɔɫ/	sol	sun
/ˈla.na/	lana	/lɐ̃/	lã	wool
/ˈle.βe/	leve	/ˈlɛ.vɨ/	leve	light
/le.ˈon/	león	/ljɐ̃w/	leão	lion
/ljaɾ/	liar	/li.ˈaɾ/	liar	to bind, tie
/mjel/	miel	/mɛɫ/	mel	honey
/ˈte.la/	tela	/ˈtɛ.lɐ/	tela	cloth, fabric
/ˈbe.la/	vela	/ˈvɛ.lɐ/	vela	candle
/kɾwel/	cruel	/kɾu.ˈɛɫ/	cruel	cruel
/ˈje.lo/	hielo	/ˈʒe.lu/	gelo	frost, ice
/ˈle.tʃe/	leche	/ˈlej.tɨ/	leite	milk
/ˈle.tʃo/	lecho	/ˈlej.tu/	leito	bed
/ˈlen.ta/	lenta	/ˈlẽ.tɐ/	lenta	slow
/ˈlwe.ɣo/	luego	/ˈlɔ.gu/	logo	soon, then
/ˈsi.glo/	siglo	/ˈsɛ.ku.lu/	século	century
/ˈswe.lo/	suelo	/ˈsɔ.lu/	solo	ground
/al.ˈɣu.no/	alguno	/aɫ.ˈgũ/	algum	some
/ˈbe.li.ka/	bélica	/ˈbɛ.li.kɐ/	bélica	warlike
/ˈglo.ɾja/	gloria	/ˈglɔ.ɾjɐ/	glória	glory
/la.ˈðɾon/	ladrón	/lɐ.ˈdɾɐ̃w/	ladrão	thief
/ˈleŋ.gwa/	lengua	/ˈlĩ.gwɐ/	língua	tongue, language
/ˈlje.βɾe/	liebre	/ˈlɛ.bɾɨ/	lebre	hare
/lo.ˈan.te/	loante	/low.ˈvɐ̃.tɨ/	louvante	praising
/ˈlo.xi.ka/	lógica	/ˈlɔ.ʒi.kɐ/	lógica	logic
/ˈlo.xi.ko/	lógico	/ˈlɔ.ʒi.ku/	lógico	logical
/ˈswel.do/	sueldo	/ˈsoɫ.du/	soldo	salary
/ˈtem.plo/	templo	/ˈtẽ.plu/	templo	temple
/ka.ˈlan.te/	calante	/kɐ.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/	calante	silencing
/es.ˈkwe.la/	escuela	/iʃ.ˈkɔ.lɐ/	escola	school
/la.ˈβan.te/	lavante	/lɐ.ˈvɐ̃.tɨ/	lavante	washing
/lek.ˈθjon/	lección	/li.ˈsɐ̃w/	lição	lesson, lecture
/le.ˈɣan.te/	legante	/lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/	legante	binding (rare; modern uses ligante)
/len.ˈte.xa/	lenteja	/lẽ.ˈti.ʎɐ/	lentilha	lentil
/le.ˈβan.te/	levante	/lɨ.ˈvɐ̃.tɨ/	levante	east, the Levant
/li.ˈman.te/	limante	/li.ˈmɐ̃.tɨ/	limante	filing
/lo.ˈkan.te/	locante	/lu.ˈkɐ̃.tɨ/	locante	renter, locator
/ˈlim.pi.ða/	límpida	/ˈlĩ.pi.dɐ/	límpida	clear, transparent (f.)
/sa.ˈlan.te/	salante	/sɐ.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/	salante	salting
/sil.ˈβa.na/	silvana	/siɫ.ˈvɐ.nɐ/	silvana	sylvan
/be.ˈlan.te/	velante	/vɨ.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/	velante	veiling
/bo.ˈlan.te/	volante	/vu.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/	volante	flying, steering wheel
/kal.ˈkan.te/	calcante	/kaɫ.ˈkɐ̃.tɨ/	calcante	treading
/e.le.ˈɣan.te/	elegante	/i.lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/	elegante	elegant
/la.ˈðɾan.te/	ladrante	/lɐ.ˈdɾɐ̃.tɨ/	ladrante	barking
/le.ˈtʃan.te/	lechante	/lej.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	leitante	suckling, milk-giving
/lu.ˈθjen.te/	luciente	/lu.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	lucente	shining, bright
/re.la.ˈθjon/	relación	/ʁɨ.lɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	relação	relation, relationship
/sal.ˈtan.te/	saltante	/saɫ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	saltante	jumping, prominent
/sal.ˈβan.te/	salvante	/saɫ.ˈvɐ̃.tɨ/	salvante	saving
/ba.ˈljen.te/	valiente	/vɐ.ˈlẽ.tɨ/	valente	valiant
/a.laɾ.ˈɣan.te/	alargante	/ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/	alargante	lengthening ≠ widening
/li.βe.ˈɾan.te/	liberante	/li.bɨ.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/	liberante	freeing
/bi.xi.ˈlan.te/	vigilante	/vi.ʒi.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/	vigilante	vigilant, watchful
/al.ˈɣun/	algún	/aɫ.ˈgũ/	algum	some (apocopated)
/lo.ˈan.do/	loando	/low.ˈvɐ̃.du/	louvando	praising (gerund)
/ˈlweŋ.go/	luengo	/ˈlõ.gu/	longo	long (archaic)
/ka.ˈlan.do/	calando	/kɐ.ˈlɐ̃.du/	calando	lowering (gerund)
/la.ˈβan.do/	lavando	/lɐ.ˈvɐ̃.du/	lavando	washing (gerund)
/le.ˈɣan.do/	legando	/lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/	legando	binding (gerund; archaic)
/le.ˈβan.do/	levando	/lɨ.ˈvɐ̃.du/	levando	lifting (gerund)
/li.ˈman.do/	limando	/li.ˈmɐ̃.du/	limando	filing (gerund)
/lo.ˈkan.do/	locando	/lu.ˈkɐ̃.du/	locando	renting (gerund)
/sa.ˈlan.do/	salando	/sɐ.ˈlɐ̃.du/	salando	salting (gerund)
/be.ˈlan.do/	velando	/vɨ.ˈlɐ̃.du/	velando	veiling, watching over (gerund)
/kal.ˈkan.do/	calcando	/kɐw.ˈkɐ̃.du/	calcando	tracing, copying (gerund)
/la.ˈðɾan.do/	ladrando	/lɐ.ˈdɾɐ̃.du/	ladrando	barking (gerund)
/sal.ˈtan.do/	saltando	/saɫ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	saltando	jumping (gerund)
/sal.ˈβan.do/	salvando	/saɫ.ˈvɐ̃.du/	salvando	saving (gerund)
/bol.ˈtan.do/	voltando	/voɫ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	voltando	turning, flipping (gerund)
/a.laɾ.ˈɣan.do/	alargando	/ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈgɐ̃.du/	alargando	lengthening (gerund)
/li.βe.ˈɾan.do/	liberando	/li.bɨ.ˈɾɐ̃.du/	liberando	freeing (gerund)
/gul/	gul	/guɫ/	gul	gul
/a.ˈθul/	azul	/ɐ.ˈzuɫ/	azul	blue
/a.ˈɲil/	añil	/ɐ.ˈniɫ/	anil	indigo, indigo plant
/ˈsa.la/	sala	/ˈsa.lɐ/	sala	room, hall
/ˈfal.da/	falda	/ˈfaɫ.dɐ/	falda	skirt, mountain slope
/a.ˈlal/	halal	/ɐ.ˈlaɫ/	halal	halal
/ˈlis.ta/	lista	/ˈliʃ.tɐ/	lista	list, stripe
/ˈki.bla/	qibla	/ˈki.blɐ/	qibla	qibla, prayer direction
/ˈtol.do/	toldo	/ˈtoɫ.du/	toldo	awning, canopy, tarp
/a.ˈlaɾ.ðe/	alarde	/ɐ.ˈlaɾ.dɨ/	alarde	show, display, boast
/al.ˈda.βa/	aldaba	/aɫ.ˈdɾa.bɐ/	aldraba	door knocker, latch
/a.ˈle.ɲa/	alheña	/aɫ.ˈfe.nɐ/	alfena	henna (also: privet shrub)
/al.ˈxa.βa/	aljaba	/aɫ.ˈʒa.vɐ/	aljava	quiver
/ka.ˈli.fa/	califa	/kɐ.ˈli.fɐ/	califa	caliph
/e.lik.ˈsiɾ/	elixir	/i.li.ˈʃiɾ/	elixir	elixir
/xa.βa.ˈli/	jabalí	/ʒɐ.vɐ.ˈli/	javali	wild boar
/a.la.ˈkɾan/	alacrán	/lɐ.ˈkɾaw/	lacrau	scorpion
/al.ˈkaj.ðe/	alcaide	/aɫ.ˈkaj.dɨ/	alcaide	warden, governor, jailer
/al.ˈka.θaɾ/	alcázar	/aɫ.ˈka.sɨɾ/	alcácer	castle, palace
/al.ma.ˈði.a/	almadía	/aɫ.mɐ.ˈdi.ɐ/	almadia	raft, river-crossing float
/al.ˈma.gɾe/	almagre	/aɫ.ˈma.gɾɨ/	almagre	red ochre
/a.ta.ˈla.ʝa/	atalaya	/ɐ.tɐ.ˈla.jɐ/	atalaia	watchtower
/a.θu.ˈle.xo/	azulejo	/ɐ.zu.ˈle.ʒu/	azulejo	ceramic tile, glazed tile
/ka.ˈli.βɾe/	calibre	/kɐ.ˈli.bɾɨ/	calibre	caliber
/fa.ˈla.fel/	falafel	/fɐ.ˈla.fɛw/	falafel	falafel
/ˈal.xe.βɾa/	álgebra	/ˈaɫ.ʒɨ.bɾɐ/	álgebra	algebra
/al.βa.ˈa.ka/	albahaca	/aɫ.fɐ.ˈva.kɐ/	alfavaca	basil
/al.βoɾ.ˈnoθ/	albornoz	/aɫ.buɾ.ˈnoʃ/	albornoz	hooded cloak, bathrobe
/al.ˈmiθ.kle/	almizcle	/aɫ.ˈmiʃ.kɐɾ/	almíscar	musk
/al.mo.ˈa.ða/	almohada	/aɫ.mu.ˈfa.dɐ/	almofada	pillow
/al.mo.ˈa.θa/	almohaza	/aɫ.mu.ˈfa.sɐ/	almofaça	currycomb
/al.ˈki.mja/	alquimia	/aɫ.ˈki.mjɐ/	alquimia	alchemy
/al.ma.ˈna.ke/	almanaque	/aɫ.mɐ.ˈna.kɨ/	almanaque	almanac, calendar
/baj.la.ˈɾi.na/	bailarina	/bɐj.lɐ.ˈɾi.nɐ/	bailarina	dancer (f.)
/es.kaɾ.ˈla.ta/	escarlata	/iʃ.kɐɾ.ˈla.tɨ/	escarlate	scarlet
/a.la.ˈɾi.fe/	alarife	/ɐ.lɐ.ˈɾi.fɨ/	alarife	master builder (archaic)
/al.ˈβej.taɾ/	albéitar	/aɫ.ˈvej.tɐɾ/	alveitar	veterinarian (archaic; modern Spanish uses 'veterinario')
/al.fa.ˈʝa.te/	alfayate	/aɫ.fɐ.ˈja.tɨ/	alfaiate	tailor (archaic; modern Spanish uses 'sastre')
/al.βa.ˈʝal.de/	albayalde	/aɫ.vɐj.ˈa.dɨ/	alvaiade	white lead pigment (archaic)
/al.ˈde.a/	aldea	/aɫ.ˈdej.ɐ/	aldeia	village
/li.ˈmon/	limón	/li.ˈmɐ̃w/	limão	lemon
/ˈjel.mo/	yelmo	/ˈɛɫ.mu/	elmo	helmet
/a.ˈðel.fa/	adelfa	/ɐ.ˈdɛɫ.fɐ/	adelfa	oleander
/al.ˈko.βa/	alcoba	/aɫ.ˈkɔ.vɐ/	alcova	alcove, bedroom
/sul.ˈtan/	sultán	/suɫ.ˈtɐ̃w/	sultão	sultán
/a.la.ˈkɾan/	alacrán	/ɐ.lɐ.ˈkɾɐ̃w/	alacrão	scorpion
/al.ko.ˈol/	alcohol	/ˈaɫ.kɔɫ/	álcool	alcohol
/al.ɣo.ˈðon/	algodón	/aɫ.gu.ˈdɐ̃w/	algodão	cotton
/al.βa.ˈko.ɾa/	albacora	/aɫ.bɐ.ˈkɔ.ɾɐ/	albacora	yellowfin tuna
/al.ɣa.ˈro.βa/	algarroba	/aɫ.fɐ.ˈʁɔ.bɐ/	alfarroba	carob
/al.ki.ˈtɾan/	alquitrán	/aɫ.kɐ.ˈtɾɐ̃w/	alcatrão	tar
/al.ˈfaŋ.xe/	alfanje	/aɫ.ˈfɐ̃.ʒɨ/	alfange	scimitar, broadsword (archaic)
/ˈu.la/	hula	/ˈu.lɐ/	hula	hula, Hawaiian dance
/i.ˈɣlu/	iglú	/i.ˈglu/	iglu	igloo
/ˈla.ka/	laca	/ˈla.kɐ/	laca	lacquer, lac
/bals/	vals	/ˈvaɫ.sɐ/	valsa	waltz
/a.ˈlo.a/	aloha	/ɐ.ˈlo.ɐ/	aloha	aloha
/ba.ˈlut/	balut	/bɐ.ˈlut/	balut	balut, fertilized duck egg
/blits/	blitz	/blits/	blitz	blitz
/ˈtʃi.le/	chile	/ˈtʃi.lɨ/	chile	chili pepper
/ˈdol.ma/	dolma	/ˈdoɫ.mɐ/	dolma	dolma
/ˈgo.lem/	golem	/ˈgo.lẽ/	golem	golem
/ˈal.βa/	halva	/ˈaɫ.vɐ/	halva	halva
/ˈkal.pa/	kalpa	/ˈkaɫ.pɐ/	calpa	kalpa
/ˈla.ɣeɾ/	lager	/ˈla.gɨɾ/	lager	lager, bottom-fermented beer
/ˈla.si/	lassi	/ˈla.si/	lassi	lassi, yogurt drink
/ˈli.tʃi/	lichi	/ˈli.ʃi.ɐ/	lichia	lichi
/lo.ˈkum/	lokum	/lu.ˈkum/	lokum	lokum, Turkish delight
/a.ˈli.ʝa/	aliyah	/ɐ.ˈli.jɐ/	aliyah	aliyah, immigration to Israel
/al.ˈpa.ka/	alpaca	/aɫ.ˈpa.kɐ/	alpaca	alpaca
/ˈka.βa.la/	cábala	/ˈka.bɐ.lɐ/	cábala	cábala
/glitʃ/	glitch	/gliʃ/	glitch	glitch, malfunction
/gu.ˈlaʃ/	gulash	/gu.ˈla.ʃɨ/	gulache	gulash
/gu.ˈlaʃ/	gulash	/gu.ˈlaʃ/	gulash	gulash
/xa.ˈle.βi/	jalebi	/ʒɐ.ˈle.bi/	jalebi	jalebi, fried sweet
/ma.ˈa.lo/	mahalo	/mɐ.ˈa.lu/	mahalo	mahalo, thank you
/ma.ˈsa.la/	masala	/mɐ.ˈza.lɐ/	masala	masala, spice mix
/meθ.ˈkal/	mezcal	/mɨʃ.ˈkal/	mezcal	mezcal
/ˈsam.bal/	sambal	/sɐ̃.ˈbaɫ/	sambal	sambal, chili paste
/ba.ˈkla.βa/	baklava	/bɐ.ˈkla.vɐ/	baclava	baklava
/ba.ˈkla.βa/	baklava	/bɐ.ˈkla.vɐ/	baklava	baklava
/bul.ˈgo.ɣi/	bulgogi	/buɫ.ˈgo.gi/	bulgogi	bulgogi, grilled beef
/ˈtʃe.βol/	chaebol	/ˈʃe.bɔl/	chaebol	chaebol, Korean conglomerate
/lakʃ.ˈmi/	lakshmi	/lɐkʃ.ˈmi/	lakshmi	Lakshmi, Hindu goddess
/man.ˈda.la/	mandala	/mɐ̃.ˈda.lɐ/	mandala	mandala
/es.tɾu.ˈðel/	strudel	/iʃ.tɾu.ˈdɛɫ/	strudel	strudel
/te.ˈki.la/	tequila	/tɨ.ˈki.lɐ/	tequila	tequila
/u.ke.ˈle.le/	ukelele	/u.ku.ˈle.lɨ/	ukulele	ukelele
/u.ku.ˈle.le/	ukulele	/u.ku.ˈle.lɨ/	ukulele	ukulele
/glas.ˈnost/	glasnost	/glɐʒ.ˈnoʃt/	glasnost	glasnost
/tʃo.ko.ˈla.te/	chocolate	/ʃu.ku.ˈla.tɨ/	chocolate	chocolate
/lejt.mo.ˈtif/	leitmotiv	/lejt.mu.ˈtiv/	leitmotiv	leitmotiv
/esʃ.ni.ˈtsel/	schnitzel	/ˈʃni.tsɨl/	schnitzel	schnitzel
/loks/	lox	/lɔkʃ/	lox	lox, cured salmon
/ˈlo.ka/	loka	/ˈlɔ.kɐ/	loka	loka, world
/lu.ˈa.u/	luau	/lu.ˈaw/	luau	luau
/ˈon.dol/	ondol	/ˈõ.dul/	ondol	ondol, underfloor heating
/pi.ˈlaf/	pilaf	/pi.ˈlaw/	pilau	pilaf, rice dish
/ˈpol.ka/	polca	/ˈpɔɫ.kɐ/	polca	polca
/ˈʝo.ðel/	yodel	/ˈjɔ.dɨl/	yodel	yodel, Alpine vocal technique
/ˈaŋ.gul/	hangul	/ˈɐ̃.guɫ/	hangul	hangul
/ʃa.ˈlom/	shalom	/ʃɐ.ˈlõ/	shalom	shalom
/ʃtetl/	shtetl	/ʃtɛtl/	shtetl	shtetl, Jewish small town
/ˈkleθ.meɾ/	klezmer	/ˈklɛz.mɨɾ/	klezmer	klezmer, Jewish folk music
/buŋ.ˈga.lo/	bungalow	/bɐ̃.ga.ˈlo/	bangalo	bungalow, single-story house
/ʃmalts/	schmaltz	/ʃmawts/	schmaltz	schmaltz
/gwa.ka.ˈmo.le/	guacamole	/gwɐ.kɐ.ˈmɔ.lɨ/	guacamole	guacamole

→ /ʎ/⟨ll⟩ · 30

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ˈʎi/	allí	/ɐ.ˈli/	ali	there
/ˈe.ʎos/	ellos	/ˈe.lɨʃ/	eles	they (m. pl.)
/ˈga.ʎo/	gallo	/ˈga.lu/	galo	rooster, cock
/ˈba.ʎe/	valle	/ˈva.lɨ/	vale	valley
/ˈbi.ʎa/	villa	/ˈvi.lɐ/	vila	town, villa
/ʎe.ˈβaɾ/	llevar	/lɨ.ˈvaɾ/	levar	to carry, take
/ka.ˈβa.ʎa/	caballa	/kɐ.ˈva.lɐ/	cavala	mackerel (semantic shift)
/ka.ˈβa.ʎo/	caballo	/kɐ.ˈva.lu/	cavalo	horse
/ka.ˈβe.ʎo/	cabello	/kɐ.ˈbe.lu/	cabelo	hair
/ka.ˈʎo.so/	calloso	/kɐ.ˈlo.zu/	caloso	callous
/ga.ˈʎi.na/	gallina	/gɐ.ˈli.ɲɐ/	galinha	hen
/ʎe.ˈβa.ða/	llevada	/lɨ.ˈva.dɐ/	levada	carried, taken (f.)
/ʎe.βa.ˈðoɾ/	llevador	/lɨ.vɐ.ˈdoɾ/	levador	carrier
/ˈe.ʎa/	ella	/ˈɛ.lɐ/	ela	she
/ˈbe.ʎa/	bella	/ˈbɛ.lɐ/	bela	beautiful
/ˈpo.ʎo/	pollo	/ˈpɔ.lu/	polo	chicken ≠ young animal
/ˈsi.ʎa/	silla	/ˈsɛ.lɐ/	sela	chair ≠ saddle
/ˈkwe.ʎo/	cuello	/ˈkɔ.lu/	colo	neck
/ˈmwe.ʎe/	muelle	/ˈmɔ.lɨ/	mole	soft, spring, dock
/a.ˈke.ʎa/	aquella	/ɐ.ˈkɛ.lɐ/	aquela	that one (yonder, f.)
/a.ˈke.ʎo/	aquello	/ɐ.ˈki.lu/	aquilo	that (neuter)
/bi.ˈʎa.no/	villano	/vi.ˈlɐ̃w/	vilão	serf, villain
/a.ma.ˈɾi.ʎa/	amarilla	/ɐ.mɐ.ˈɾɛ.lɐ/	amarela	yellow (f.)
/a.βe.ˈʎa.na/	avellana	/ɐ.vɨ.ˈlɐ̃/	avelã	hazelnut
/kas.ˈti.ʎo/	castillo	/kɐʃ.ˈtɛ.lu/	castelo	castle
/es.ˈtɾe.ʎa/	estrella	/iʃ.ˈtɾɛ.lɐ/	estrela	star
/ka.βa.ˈʎe.ɾo/	caballero	/kɐ.vɐ.ˈlej.ɾu/	cavaleiro	knight, gentleman
/fɾa.ˈðje.ʎo/	fradiello	/fɾɐ.ˈɛ.lu/	fraelu	little brother (Late Latin diminutive of FRATER)
/be.ˈʎo.ta/	bellota	/bu.ˈlɔ.tɐ/	bolota	acorn
/tʃin.ˈtʃi.ʎa/	chinchilla	/ʃin.ˈʃi.lɐ/	chinchila	chinchilla

→ /∅/⟨⟩ · 5

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kin.ˈtal/	quintal	/kĩ.ˈtaɫ/	quintal	quintal
/ko.ˈɾan/	corán	/aɫ.ku.ˈɾɐ̃w/	alcorão	Quran
/ku.ˈri/	curry	/kɐ.ˈɾiɫ/	caril	curry
/ba.ˈɣel/	bagel	/ba.ˈʒɛw/	bagel	bagel
/meθ.ˈkal/	mezcal	/mɨʃ.ˈkaw/	mescal	mezcal

→ /n/⟨n⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/na.ˈɾaŋ.xa/	naranja	/lɐ.ˈɾɐ̃.ʒɐ/	laranja	orange (fruit)

/j/⟨y, i⟩ → /ʝ/32 pairs

source

→ /ʝ/⟨y⟩ · 29

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ta.ˈla.ʝa/	atalaya	/ɐ.tɐ.ˈla.jɐ/	atalaia	watchtower
/al.fa.ˈʝa.te/	alfayate	/aɫ.fɐ.ˈja.tɨ/	alfaiate	tailor (archaic; modern Spanish uses 'sastre')
/ˈma.ʝa/	maya	/ˈma.jɐ/	maia	maya (illusion)
/ˈsa.ʝa/	saya	/ˈsa.jɐ/	saya	saya, sword scabbard
/ˈʝa.ma/	yama	/ˈja.mɐ/	yama	Yama, Hindu deity / yoga restraint
/ˈʝu.ka/	yuca	/ˈju.kɐ/	iuca	yuca
/ˈʝu.ɣa/	yuga	/ˈju.gɐ/	yuga	yuga, cosmic age
/ˈʝu.mi/	yumi	/ˈju.mi/	yumi	yumi, Japanese longbow
/ˈʝu.θu/	yuzu	/ˈju.zu/	yuzu	yuzu
/eɣ.ˈʝo/	aegyo	/ɨg.ˈjo/	aegyo	aegyo
/ˈrʝo.ɾi/	ryori	/ˈʁjo.ɾi/	ryori	ryori, Japanese cuisine
/ʝo.ˈɣuɾ/	yogur	/jɔ.ˈguɾ.tɨ/	iogurte	yogurt
/ˈʝo.ka.i/	yokai	/ˈjo.kaj/	yokai	yokai
/ˈʝo.kan/	yokan	/ˈjo.kɐ̃/	yokan	yokan, jelly bar
/a.ˈli.ʝa/	aliyah	/ɐ.ˈli.jɐ/	aliyah	aliyah, immigration to Israel
/ʝa.ˈku.θa/	yakuza	/jɐ.ˈku.zɐ/	yakuza	yakuza
/biɾ.ˈʝa.ni/	biryani	/biɾ.ˈja.ni/	biryani	biryani, mixed rice dish
/i.θa.ˈka.ʝa/	izakaya	/i.zɐ.ˈka.jɐ/	izakaya	izakaya, Japanese pub
/maj.ˈtɾe.ʝa/	maitreya	/mɐj.ˈtɾe.jɐ/	maitreya	Maitreya, future Buddha
/sa.ʝo.ˈna.ɾa/	sayonara	/sɐ.ju.ˈna.ɾɐ/	sayonara	sayonara
/su.ki.ˈʝa.ki/	sukiyaki	/su.ki.ˈja.ki/	sukiyaki	sukiyaki
/te.ɾi.ˈʝa.ki/	teriyaki	/tɨ.ɾi.ˈja.ki/	teriyaki	teriyaki
/ʝa.ki.ˈto.ɾi/	yakitori	/jɐ.ki.ˈto.ɾi/	yakitori	yakitori
/san.ˈʝa.sin/	sannyasin	/sɐn.ˈja.zĩ/	sannyasin	sannyasin, Hindu renunciant
/ˈʝa.ki.me.ʃi/	yakimeshi	/ˈja.ki.mɨ.ʃi/	yakimeshi	yakimeshi, fried rice
/tep.pan.ˈʝa.ki/	teppanyaki	/tɨp.pɐn.ˈja.ki/	teppanyaki	teppanyaki
/ˈdo.ʝo/	dohyo	/ˈdɔ.ju/	dohyo	dohyo, sumo ring
/ko.ˈʝo.te/	coyote	/ko.ˈjɔ.tɨ/	coiote	coyote
/pe.ˈʝo.te/	peyote	/pe.ˈjɔ.tɨ/	peiote	peyote

→ /j/⟨i⟩ · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/baɾ.ˈjan.te/	variante	/vɐɾ.ˈjɐ̃.tɨ/	variante	variant
/ˈta.ja.ki/	taiyaki	/ˈta.jɐ.ki/	taiyaki	taiyaki, fish-shaped cake
/pje.ˈɾo.ɣi/	pierogi	/pjɨ.ˈɾɔ.gi/	pierogi	pierogi

/∅⟨z⟩, ɐw, ∅⟨u⟩, ∅⟨c⟩, ∅⟨n⟩, ∅⟨y⟩, ∅⟨o⟩, ɾu/⟨n, c, z, a, u, y, o, ro⟩ → /∅/31 pairs

source

→ /∅/⟨⟩ · 27

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/dok.ˈtoɾ/	doctor	/doj.ˈtoɾ/	doutor	doctor
/ˈθje.lo/	cielo	/sɛw/	céu	sky
/te.ˈso.ɾo/	tesoro	/tɨ.ˈzow.ɾu/	tesouro	treasure, hoard
/ʃa.ˈwaɾ.ma/	shawarma	/ʃɐw.ˈaɾ.mɐ/	shawarma	shawarma, spit-roasted meat
/θaɾ/	zar	/zaɾ/	czar	zar (tsar)
/tsaɾ/	tsar	/zaɾ/	czar	tsar, Russian emperor
/blits/	blitz	/blits/	blitz	blitz
/ˈgo.an/	gohan	/ˈgo.ɐ̃/	gohan	gohan, cooked rice
/ˈʝo.kan/	yokan	/ˈjo.kɐ̃/	yokan	yokan, jelly bar
/es.ˈnaps/	esnaps	/ʃnapʃ/	schnaps	schnapps
/ki.ˈβuts/	kibutz	/ki.ˈbuts/	kibutz	kibutz, Israeli collective
/kitʃ/	kitsch	/kiʃ/	kitsch	kitsch
/mits.ˈba/	mitzvah	/mits.ˈva/	mitzvah	mitzvah, commandment
/ˈmuk.ban/	mukbang	/ˈmuk.bɐ̃/	mukbang	mukbang, eating broadcast
/tan.ˈduɾ/	tandoor	/tɐ̃.ˈduɾ/	tandoor	tandoor, clay oven
/kon.ˈʝa.ku/	konnyaku	/kõ.ˈa.ku/	konnyaku	konnyaku, konjac jelly
/no.ˈɾe.βan/	noraebang	/nu.ˈɾe.bɐ̃/	noraebang	noraebang, karaoke room
/nan/	naan	/nɐ̃/	naan	naan, Indian flatbread
/ˈdaŋ.go/	dango	/ˈdɐ̃.gu/	dango	dango, rice dumpling
/ˈman.dʒu/	manju	/ˈmɐ̃.ʒu/	manju	manju, steamed sweet bun
/ˈpaŋ.ko/	panko	/ˈpɐ̃.ku/	panko	panko, breadcrumbs
/ram.bu.ˈtan/	rambutan	/ʁɐ̃.bu.ˈtɐ̃/	rambutan	rambután, tropical fruit
/ram.bu.ˈtan/	rambutan	/ʁɐ̃.bu.ˈtɐ̃/	rambutao	rambután, tropical fruit
/ʃmalts/	schmaltz	/ʃmawts/	schmaltz	schmaltz
/o.ɾa.ŋu.ˈtan/	orangutan	/u.ɾɐ̃.u.ˈtɐ̃/	orangutan	orangutan, great ape of Borneo/Sumatra
/o.ɾaŋ.gu.ˈtan/	orangután	/u.ɾɐ̃.u.ˈtɐ̃/	orangutan	orangutan
/esʃ.ni.ˈtsel/	schnitzel	/ˈʃni.tsɨl/	schnitzel	schnitzel

→ /a/⟨a⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kal.ka.ˈðoɾ/	calcador	/kɐw.kɐ.ˈdoɾ/	calcador	tracer ≠ treader
/kal.ˈkan.do/	calcando	/kɐw.ˈkɐ̃.du/	calcando	tracing, copying (gerund)

→ /tʃ/⟨c⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈtʃi.ta/	citta	/ˈitʃ.tɐ/	citta	citta, mind / consciousness

→ /∅⟨y⟩/⟨y⟩ · 1

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈta.ja.ki/	taiyaki	/ˈta.jɐ.ki/	taiyaki	taiyaki, fish-shaped cake