Sibilants

692 cognate pairs

/s, θ/⟨s, z, c⟩ → /z/69 pairs

source

→ /z/⟨s⟩ · 58

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/po.ˈsaɾ/	posar	/pow.ˈzaɾ/	pousar	to pose, alight, place
/da.ˈɲo.sa/	dañosa	/dɐ.ˈno.zɐ/	danosa	harmful, damaging (f.)
/fa.ˈmo.so/	famoso	/fɐ.ˈmo.zu/	famoso	famous
/fu.ˈmo.so/	fumoso	/fu.ˈmo.zu/	fumoso	smoky
/la.ˈno.so/	lanoso	/lɐ.ˈno.zu/	lanoso	woolly
/li.ˈmo.so/	limoso	/li.ˈmo.zu/	limoso	muddy
/po.ˈɾo.so/	poroso	/pu.ˈɾo.zu/	poroso	porous
/po.ˈsa.ða/	posada	/pow.ˈza.dɐ/	pousada	lodging, inn
/po.ˈsa.ðo/	posado	/pow.ˈza.du/	pousado	lodged ≠ alighted
/ra.ˈmo.so/	ramoso	/ʁɐ.ˈmo.zu/	ramoso	branchy
/ru.ˈɣo.so/	rugoso	/ʁu.ˈgo.zu/	rugoso	wrinkled, rugged
/be.ˈno.so/	venoso	/vɨ.ˈno.zu/	venoso	veiny
/bi.ˈno.so/	vinoso	/vi.ˈno.zu/	vinoso	vinous, wine-like
/bi.ˈɾo.so/	viroso	/vi.ˈɾo.zu/	viroso	poisonous, viral
/a.mo.ˈɾo.so/	amoroso	/ɐ.mu.ˈɾo.zu/	amoroso	loving, amorous
/a.ni.ˈmo.so/	animoso	/ɐ.ni.ˈmo.zu/	animoso	spirited, courageous
/a.ɾe.ˈno.so/	arenoso	/ɐ.ɾɨ.ˈno.zu/	arenoso	sandy
/ka.ˈʎo.so/	calloso	/kɐ.ˈlo.zu/	caloso	callous
/kaɾ.ˈno.so/	carnoso	/kɐɾ.ˈno.zu/	carnoso	fleshy
/glo.ˈβo.so/	globoso	/glu.ˈbo.zu/	globoso	globular
/gus.ˈto.so/	gustoso	/guʃ.ˈto.zu/	gostoso	tasty
/eɾ.ˈβo.so/	herboso	/ɨɾ.ˈbo.zu/	herboso	grassy
/le.ˈpɾo.so/	leproso	/lɨ.ˈpɾo.zu/	leproso	leprous
/ʎo.ˈɾo.sa/	llorosa	/ʃu.ˈɾo.zɐ/	chorosa	tearful (f.)
/mon.ˈto.so/	montoso	/mõ.ˈto.zu/	montoso	mountainous
/moɾ.ˈβo.so/	morboso	/muɾ.ˈbo.zu/	morboso	sickly, morbid
/neɾ.ˈβo.so/	nervoso	/nɨɾ.ˈvo.zu/	nervoso	nervous
/o.pe.ˈɾo.so/	operoso	/u.pɨ.ˈɾo.zu/	operoso	laborious, busy
/pe.ˈtɾo.so/	petroso	/pɨ.ˈtɾo.zu/	petroso	rocky, stony
/po.sa.ˈðoɾ/	posador	/pow.zɐ.ˈdoɾ/	pousador	one who poses, lodger
/ro.ˈsa.ɾjo/	rosario	/ʁu.ˈza.ɾju/	rosário	rosary
/ben.ˈto.so/	ventoso	/vẽ.ˈto.zu/	ventoso	windy
/aɾ.ðo.ˈɾo.so/	ardoroso	/ɐɾ.du.ˈɾo.zu/	ardoroso	ardent, passionate
/ka.lo.ˈɾo.so/	caloroso	/kɐ.lu.ˈɾo.zu/	caloroso	warm, hearty
/de.ko.ˈɾo.so/	decoroso	/dɨ.ku.ˈɾo.zu/	decoroso	decorous
/do.lo.ˈɾo.so/	doloroso	/du.lu.ˈɾo.zu/	doloroso	painful, sorrowful
/fa.βo.ˈɾo.so/	favoroso	/fɐ.vu.ˈɾo.zu/	favoroso	favorable
/xe.ne.ˈɾo.so/	generoso	/ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾo.zu/	generoso	generous
/o.no.ˈɾo.so/	honoroso	/u.nu.ˈɾo.zu/	honoroso	honorable
/ʎuβ.ˈjo.sa/	lluviosa	/ʃu.ˈvo.zɐ/	chuvosa	rainy (f.)
/lu.mi.ˈno.so/	luminoso	/lu.mi.ˈno.zu/	luminoso	luminous
/po.si.ˈti.βa/	positiva	/pu.zi.ˈti.vɐ/	positiva	positive (f.)
/ru.mo.ˈɾo.so/	rumoroso	/ʁu.mu.ˈɾo.zu/	rumoroso	noisy
/su.ðo.ˈɾo.so/	sudoroso	/su.du.ˈɾo.zu/	sudoroso	sweaty
/ba.lo.ˈɾo.so/	valoroso	/vɐ.lu.ˈɾo.zu/	valoroso	valorous, brave
/ba.po.ˈɾo.so/	vaporoso	/vɐ.pu.ˈɾo.zu/	vaporoso	vaporous, steamy
/ka.βeɾ.ˈno.so/	cavernoso	/kɐ.vɨɾ.ˈno.zu/	cavernoso	cavernous
/feɾ.βo.ˈɾo.so/	fervoroso	/fɨɾ.vu.ˈɾo.zu/	fervoroso	fervent, ardent
/la.kɾi.ˈmo.so/	lacrimoso	/lɐ.kɾi.ˈmo.zu/	lacrimoso	tearful
/te.ne.ˈβɾo.so/	tenebroso	/tɨ.nɨ.ˈbɾo.zu/	tenebroso	dark, gloomy
/ˈko.sa/	cosa	/ˈkoj.zɐ/	coisa	thing
/ˈro.sa/	rosa	/ˈʁɔ.zɐ/	rosa	rose
/es.ˈpo.sa/	esposa	/iʃ.ˈpɔ.zɐ/	esposa	spouse, wife
/po.ˈsan.te/	posante	/pow.ˈzɐ̃.tɨ/	pousante	pausing, alighting
/mon.ˈta.ɲo.sa/	montañosa	/mõ.tɐ.ˈɲo.zɐ/	montanhosa	mountainous (f.)
/po.ˈsan.do/	posando	/pow.ˈzɐ̃.du/	pousando	posing, lodging (gerund)
/ˈdo.sa/	dosa	/ˈdo.zɐ/	dosa	dosa
/sa.ˈmo.sa/	samosa	/sɐ.ˈmɔ.zɐ/	samosa	samosa, fried pastry

→ /z/⟨z⟩ · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈdo.θe/	doce	/ˈdo.zɨ/	doze	twelve
/ko.ˈθi.na/	cocina	/ku.ˈzi.ɲɐ/	cozinha	kitchen
/ˈba.o.θi/	baozi	/ˈba.u.zi/	baozi	baozi, steamed bun
/ʝo.ko.ˈθu.na/	yokozuna	/ju.kɔ.ˈzu.nɐ/	yokozuna	yokozuna, sumo grand champion
/ˈgʝo.θa/	gyoza	/ˈgjɔ.zɐ/	gyoza	gyoza, fried dumpling

→ /ʃ/⟨s⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/no.ˈso.tɾos/	nosotros	/nɔʃ/	nós	we (1pl)
/bo.ˈso.tɾos/	vosotros	/vɔʃ/	vós	you (2pl)

→ /ɾs/⟨rs⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈo.sa/	osa	/ˈuɾ.sɐ/	ursa	she-bear
/ˈo.so/	oso	/ˈuɾ.su/	urso	bear

→ /s/⟨ss⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ko.ˈsa.ko/	cosaco	/ku.ˈsa.ku/	cossaco	cossack

→ /s/⟨ç⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈpo.θo/	pozo	/ˈpo.su/	poço	well

/s, θ/⟨s, c, z, ss, sh⟩ → /z, s/104 pairs

source

→ /z/⟨s⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 31

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈu.so/	uso	/ˈu.zu/	uso	use
/ˈka.sa/	casa	/ˈka.zɐ/	casa	house
/ˈka.so/	caso	/ˈka.zu/	caso	case
/ˈme.sa/	mesa	/ˈme.zɐ/	mesa	table
/ˈri.sa/	risa	/ˈʁi.zu/	riso	laughter
/ˈba.so/	vaso	/ˈva.zu/	vaso	vessel
/ˈbi.so/	viso	/ˈvi.zu/	viso	view, glimpse, appearance
/ka.ˈsaɾ/	casar	/kɐ.ˈzaɾ/	casar	to marry
/na.ˈsal/	nasal	/nɐ.ˈzaɫ/	nasal	nasal
/ˈpa.u.sa/	pausa	/ˈpa.u.zɐ/	pausa	pause
/u.ˈsu.ɾa/	usura	/u.ˈzu.ɾɐ/	usura	usury
/ka.ˈsa.ða/	casada	/kɐ.ˈza.dɐ/	casada	married (f.)
/me.ˈsu.ɾa/	mesura	/mɨ.ˈzu.ɾɐ/	mesura	moderation, measure
/ˈmu.si.ka/	música	/ˈmu.zi.kɐ/	música	music
/ˈmu.si.ko/	músico	/ˈmu.zi.ku/	músico	musician
/a.βu.ˈsi.βa/	abusiva	/ɐ.bu.ˈzi.vɐ/	abusiva	abusive (f.)
/a.si.ˈni.na/	asinina	/ɐ.zi.ˈni.nɐ/	asinina	donkey-like
/ka.sa.ˈðoɾ/	casador	/kɐ.zɐ.ˈdoɾ/	casador	matchmaker
/te.ˈso.ɾo/	tesoro	/tɨ.ˈzow.ɾu/	tesouro	treasure, hoard
/ka.ˈsan.te/	casante	/kɐ.ˈzɐ̃.tɨ/	casante	marrying
/pɾe.ˈsen.te/	presente	/pɾɨ.ˈzẽ.tɨ/	presente	present, gift
/ka.ˈsan.do/	casando	/kɐ.ˈzɐ̃.du/	casando	marrying (gerund)
/ˈgi.sa/	guisa	/ˈgi.zɐ/	guisa	guisa, manner
/gi.ˈsaɾ/	guisar	/gi.ˈzaɾ/	guisar	to cook, stew
/kaɾ.me.ˈsi/	carmesí	/kɐɾ.mɨ.ˈzĩ/	carmesim	crimson
/ˈna.si/	nasi	/ˈna.zi/	nasi	nasi, cooked rice
/a.ˈsa.na/	asana	/ɐ.ˈza.nɐ/	asana	asana
/ma.ˈsa.la/	masala	/mɐ.ˈza.lɐ/	masala	masala, spice mix
/o.ˈma.ka.se/	omakase	/u.ˈma.kɐ.zɨ/	omakase	omakase, chef's tasting menu
/san.ˈʝa.sin/	sannyasin	/sɐn.ˈja.zĩ/	sannyasin	sannyasin, Hindu renunciant
/ʃa.ˈmi.sen/	shamisen	/ʃɐ.mi.ˈzẽ/	shamisen	shamisen, Japanese 3-stringed instrument

→ /s/⟨ss⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 20

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈe.se/	ese	/ˈe.sɨ/	esse	that one (m.)
/ˈpa.so/	paso	/ˈpa.su/	passo	step, pace
/θe.ˈsaɾ/	cesar	/sɨ.ˈsaɾ/	cessar	to cease, stop
/pa.ˈsaɾ/	pasar	/pɐ.ˈsaɾ/	passar	to pass
/θe.ˈsa.ða/	cesada	/sɨ.ˈsa.dɐ/	cessada	ceased (f.)
/pa.ˈsa.ða/	pasada	/pɐ.ˈsa.dɐ/	passada	passed (f.)
/pa.ˈsi.βa/	pasiva	/pɐ.ˈsi.vɐ/	passiva	passive (f.)
/θe.sa.ˈðoɾ/	cesador	/sɨ.sɐ.ˈdoɾ/	cessador	one who ceases (rare)
/ˈkla.si.ka/	clásica	/ˈkla.si.kɐ/	clássica	classical
/pa.sa.ˈðoɾ/	pasador	/pɐ.sɐ.ˈdoɾ/	passador	pin, bolt
/ˈe.so/	eso	/ˈi.su/	isso	that (neuter)
/θe.ˈsan.te/	cesante	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃.tɨ/	cessante	ceasing, dismissed
/pa.ˈsan.te/	pasante	/pɐ.ˈsɐ̃.tɨ/	passante	intern, passing
/se.ˈsen.ta/	sesenta	/sɨ.ˈsẽ.tɐ/	sessenta	sixty
/θe.ˈsan.do/	cesando	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃.du/	cessando	ceasing (gerund)
/pa.ˈsan.do/	pasando	/pɐ.ˈsɐ̃.du/	passando	passing (gerund)
/a.se.ˈsi.no/	asesino	/ɐ.sɐ.ˈsi.nu/	assassino	assassin, murderer
/ˈmi.so/	miso	/mi.ˈso/	missô	miso
/mo.ka.ˈsin/	mocasin	/mu.kɐ.ˈsĩ/	mocassim	mocasín, soft leather shoe
/mo.ka.ˈsin/	mocasín	/mu.kɐ.ˈsĩ/	mocassim	moccasin

→ /s/⟨s⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/wa.ˈsa.βi/	wasabi	/wɐ.ˈsa.bi/	wasabi	wasabi
/wa.βi.ˈsa.βi/	wabi-sabi	/wɐ.bi.ˈsa.bi/	wabi-sabi	wabi-sabi

→ /s/⟨ç⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ma.ˈdɾa.sa/	madrasa	/mɐ.ˈdɾa.sɐ/	madraça	madrasa

→ /ʒ/⟨j⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈke.so/	queso	/ˈkej.ʒu/	queijo	cheese

→ /s/⟨c⟩ · ⟨c⟩, after stressed · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈfa.θil/	fácil	/ˈfa.siɫ/	fácil	easy
/ˈa.θi.ða/	ácida	/ˈa.si.dɐ/	ácida	sour, acid
/ˈlu.θi.ða/	lúcida	/ˈlu.si.dɐ/	lúcida	lucid, bright (f.)
/ˈpla.θi.ða/	plácida	/ˈpla.si.dɐ/	plácida	placid, calm (f.)
/ˈde.θi.ma/	décima	/ˈdɛ.si.mɐ/	décima	tenth (f.)

→ /z/⟨z⟩ · ⟨c⟩, after stressed · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈtɾe.θe/	trece	/ˈtɾe.zɨ/	treze	thirteen

→ /z/⟨z⟩ · ⟨c⟩, not after stressed · 10

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ˈθeɾ/	hacer	/fɐ.ˈzeɾ/	fazer	to do, make
/ba.ˈθi.o/	vacío	/vɐ.ˈzi.u/	vazio	empty
/pla.ˈθeɾ/	placer	/pɾɐ.ˈzeɾ/	prazer	to please
/be.ˈθi.na/	vecina	/vi.ˈzi.ɲɐ/	vizinha	neighbor
/a.ˈθe.ðo/	acedo	/ɐ.ˈze.du/	azedo	sour (archaic)
/de.ˈθiɾ/	decir	/dɨ.ˈzeɾ/	dizer	to say, tell
/di.ˈθjem.bɾe/	diciembre	/dɨ.ˈzẽ.bɾu/	dezembro	December
/pla.ˈθjen.te/	placiente	/pɾɐ.ˈzẽ.tɨ/	prazente	pleasing
/a.ˈθej.te/	aceite	/ɐ.ˈzej.tɨ/	azeite	oil
/a.θej.ˈtu.na/	aceituna	/ɐ.zej.ˈtɔ.nɐ/	azeitona	olive

→ /s/⟨c⟩ · ⟨c⟩, not after stressed · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/de.ˈθjen.te/	deciente	/dɨ.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	decente	decent (rare; modern uses decente)
/lu.ˈθjen.te/	luciente	/lu.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	lucente	shining, bright
/ta.ˈθjen.te/	taciente	/tɐ.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	tacente	silent
/du.ˈθjen.te/	duciente	/du.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	ducente	leading (archaic)
/ka.ˈθi.ke/	cacique	/kɐ.ˈsi.kɨ/	cacique	tribal chief, political boss

→ /z/⟨z⟩ · ⟨z, ss, sh⟩ · 14

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ra.ˈθon/	razón	/ʁɐ.ˈzɐ̃w/	razão	reason
/sa.ˈθon/	sazón	/sɐ.ˈzɐ̃w/	sazão	season, ripeness
/a.ˈθaɾ/	azar	/ɐ.ˈzaɾ/	azar	chance, hazard, luck
/a.ˈθul/	azul	/ɐ.ˈzuɫ/	azul	blue
/a.θu.ˈle.xo/	azulejo	/ɐ.zu.ˈle.ʒu/	azulejo	ceramic tile, glazed tile
/ˈʝu.θu/	yuzu	/ˈju.zu/	yuzu	yuzu
/a.ˈθu.ki/	azuki	/ɐ.ˈzu.ki/	azuki	azuki, red bean
/ba.ˈθaɾ/	bazar	/bɐ.ˈzaɾ/	bazar	bazaar, marketplace
/ˈθa.θen/	zazen	/ˈza.zẽ/	zazen	zazen, seated Zen meditation
/ʝa.ˈku.θa/	yakuza	/jɐ.ˈku.zɐ/	yakuza	yakuza
/ˈtʃa.θu.ke/	chazuke	/ˈʃa.zu.kɨ/	chazuke	chazuke, rice with tea
/i.θa.ˈka.ʝa/	izakaya	/i.zɐ.ˈka.jɐ/	izakaya	izakaya, Japanese pub
/ma.ˈθuɾ.ka/	mazurca	/mɐ.ˈzuɾ.kɐ/	mazurca	mazurca
/ka.mi.ˈka.θe/	kamikaze	/kɐ.mi.ˈka.zɨ/	kamikaze	kamikaze

→ /s/⟨ç⟩ · ⟨z, ss, sh⟩ · 10

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈka.θa/	caza	/ˈka.sɐ/	caça	hunt
/ˈbɾa.θo/	brazo	/ˈbɾa.su/	braço	arm
/ka.ˈθaɾ/	cazar	/kɐ.ˈsaɾ/	caçar	to hunt
/ka.ˈβe.θa/	cabeza	/kɐ.ˈbe.sɐ/	cabeça	head
/e.ˈtʃi.θo/	hechizo	/fej.ˈti.su/	feitiço	spell, charm
/ko.ɾa.ˈθon/	corazón	/ku.ɾɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	coração	heart
/a.ˈθu.ða/	azuda	/ɐ.ˈsu.dɨ/	açude	dam, weir, water wheel
/a.ˈθu.kaɾ/	azúcar	/ɐ.ˈsu.kɐɾ/	açúcar	sugar
/al.mo.ˈa.θa/	almohaza	/aɫ.mu.ˈfa.sɐ/	almofaça	currycomb
/a.θa.ˈfɾan/	azafrán	/ɐ.sɐ.ˈfɾɐ̃w/	açafrão	saffron

→ /s/⟨ss⟩ · ⟨z, ss, sh⟩ · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ˈɾi.sa/	harissa	/ɐ.ˈɾi.sɐ/	harissa	harissa, chili paste
/ˈla.si/	lassi	/ˈla.si/	lassi	lassi, yogurt drink
/bi.ˈpa.sa.na/	vipassana	/vi.ˈpa.sɐ.nɐ/	vipassana	vipassana, insight meditation

→ /ʃ/⟨sh⟩ · ⟨z, ss, sh⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈsu.si/	sushi	/ˈsu.ʃi/	sushi	sushi

/s, θ/⟨s, c, z⟩ → /z, s/258 pairs

source

→ /z/⟨s⟩ · ⟨s⟩, after diphthong · 5

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/o.ˈðjo.sa/	odiosa	/u.ˈdjo.zɐ/	odiosa	hateful, odious
/ku.ˈɾjo.sa/	curiosa	/ku.ˈɾjo.zɐ/	curiosa	curious (f.)
/glo.ˈɾjo.sa/	gloriosa	/glu.ˈɾjo.zɐ/	gloriosa	glorious (f.)
/paj.ˈsa.xe/	paisaje	/pɐj.ˈza.ʒɐ̃j/	paisagem	landscape
/paj.ˈsa.no/	paisano	/pɐj.ˈzɐ.nu/	paisano	fellow countryman, civilian

→ /s/⟨ss⟩ · ⟨s⟩, after diphthong · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈwe.so/	hueso	/ˈo.su/	osso	bone
/ˈgɾwe.sa/	gruesa	/ˈgɾɔ.sɐ/	grossa	thick, big

→ /s/⟨s⟩ · ⟨s⟩, not after diphthong · 192

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/si/	sí	/si/	si	himself/herself (after preposition)
/sal/	sal	/saɫ/	sal	salt
/seð/	sed	/ˈse.dɨ/	sede	thirst
/seɾ/	ser	/seɾ/	ser	to be
/ˈsa.ko/	saco	/ˈsa.ku/	saco	sack, bag
/ˈse.ka/	seca	/ˈse.kɐ/	seca	dry
/ˈse.ða/	seda	/ˈse.dɐ/	seda	silk
/sejs/	seis	/sejʃ/	seis	six
/ˈsu.ʝa/	suya	/ˈsu.ɐ/	sua	his/her (tonic, f.)
/ˈkuɾ.so/	curso	/ˈkuɾ.su/	curso	course
/ˈfal.sa/	falsa	/ˈfaɫ.sɐ/	falsa	false (f.)
/ˈpul.so/	pulso	/ˈpuɫ.su/	pulso	pulse, wrist
/sa.ˈβeɾ/	saber	/sɐ.ˈbeɾ/	saber	to know
/sa.ˈβoɾ/	sabor	/sɐ.ˈboɾ/	sabor	taste, flavor
/sa.ˈkaɾ/	sacar	/sɐ.ˈkaɾ/	sacar	to take out
/ˈsa.kɾa/	sacra	/ˈsa.kɾɐ/	sacra	sacred
/sa.ˈe.ta/	saeta	/ˈse.tɐ/	seta	arrow
/sa.ˈɣaθ/	sagaz	/sɐ.ˈgaʃ/	sagaz	sagacious, shrewd
/sa.ˈlaɾ/	salar	/sɐ.ˈlaɾ/	salar	to salt
/sa.ˈliɾ/	salir	/sɐ.ˈiɾ/	sair	to leave
/ˈsal.sa/	salsa	/ˈsaɫ.sɐ/	salsa	sauce ≠ parsley
/ˈsal.to/	salto	/ˈsaɫ.tu/	salto	leap, jump
/sa.ˈluð/	salud	/sɐ.ˈu.dɨ/	saúde	health
/se.ˈɣaɾ/	segar	/sɨ.ˈgaɾ/	segar	to harvest, mow
/se.ˈɲal/	señal	/si.ˈnaɫ/	sinal	sign, signal
/se.ˈɲoɾ/	señor	/sɨ.ˈɲoɾ/	senhor	lord, sir
/ˈsiɣ.no/	signo	/ˈsig.nu/	signo	sign
/ˈso.βɾe/	sobre	/ˈso.bɾɨ/	sobre	on, over
/so.ˈlaɾ/	solar	/su.ˈlaɾ/	solar	solar
/so.ˈpoɾ/	sopor	/su.ˈpoɾ/	sopor	deep sleep, lethargy
/so.ˈɲaɾ/	soñar	/su.ˈɲaɾ/	sonhar	to dream
/su.ˈβiɾ/	subir	/su.ˈbiɾ/	subir	to climb
/ˈsu.θja/	sucia	/ˈsu.ʒɐ/	suja	dirty (f.)
/su.ˈðaɾ/	sudar	/su.ˈaɾ/	suar	to sweat
/in.ˈsa.na/	insana	/ĩ.ˈsa.nɐ/	insana	insane, mad (f.)
/pen.ˈsaɾ/	pensar	/pẽ.ˈsaɾ/	pensar	to think
/sa.ˈla.ða/	salada	/sɐ.ˈla.dɐ/	salada	salted, salad
/sa.ˈli.ða/	salida	/sɐ.ˈli.dɐ/	salida	left, gone out (f.), exit
/sa.ˈli.ða/	salida	/sɐ.ˈi.dɐ/	saída	left, gone out (f.), exit
/sal.ˈtaɾ/	saltar	/saɫ.ˈtaɾ/	saltar	to jump
/sal.ˈβaɾ/	salvar	/saɫ.ˈvaɾ/	salvar	to save
/se.ˈɣa.ða/	segada	/sɨ.ˈga.dɐ/	segada	mowed, harvested (f.)
/se.ˈɣu.ɾa/	segura	/sɨ.ˈgu.ɾɐ/	segura	sure, safe
/sen.ˈtaɾ/	sentar	/sẽ.ˈtaɾ/	sentar	to seat
/sen.ˈtiɾ/	sentir	/sẽ.ˈtiɾ/	sentir	to feel
/se.ˈɾe.na/	serena	/sɨ.ˈɾe.nɐ/	serena	serene, calm (f.)
/seɾ.ˈβiɾ/	servir	/sɨɾ.ˈviɾ/	servir	to serve
/su.ˈða.ða/	sudada	/su.ˈda.dɐ/	sudada	sweated (f.)
/ˈsa.βa.ðo/	sábado	/ˈsa.bɐ.du/	sábado	Saturday
/ˈsa.pi.ða/	sápida	/ˈsa.pi.dɐ/	sápida	tasty, sapid (f.)
/ˈsu.βi.to/	súbito	/ˈsu.bi.tu/	súbito	sudden
/kon.ˈse.xo/	consejo	/kõ.ˈse.ʎu/	conselho	counsel, advice
/kon.ˈsi.ɣo/	consigo	/kõ.ˈsi.gu/	consigo	with him/herself
/pen.ˈsa.ða/	pensada	/pẽ.ˈsa.dɐ/	pensada	thought (f.)
/sa.la.ˈðoɾ/	salador	/sɐ.lɐ.ˈdoɾ/	salador	salter
/sal.ˈta.ða/	saltada	/saɫ.ˈta.dɐ/	saltada	jumped (f.)
/sa.lu.ˈðaɾ/	saludar	/sɐ.u.ˈdaɾ/	saudar	to greet
/sal.ˈβa.ða/	salvada	/saɫ.ˈva.dɐ/	salvada	saved (f.)
/sa.ni.ˈðað/	sanidad	/sɐ.ni.ˈda.dɨ/	sanidade	health, sanitation
/se.ˈkɾe.to/	secreto	/sɨ.ˈgɾe.du/	segredo	secret
/se.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/	segador	/sɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/	segador	reaper, harvester
/se.na.ˈðoɾ/	senador	/sɨ.nɐ.ˈdoɾ/	senador	senator
/sen.ˈti.ða/	sentida	/sẽ.ˈti.dɐ/	sentida	felt (f.)
/seɾ.ˈβi.ða/	servida	/sɨɾ.ˈvi.dɐ/	servida	served (f.)
/so.ˈβɾi.no/	sobrino	/su.ˈbɾi.ɲu/	sobrinho	nephew
/so.ˈla.ɾjo/	solario	/su.ˈla.ɾju/	solário	solarium
/sol.ˈda.ðo/	soldado	/soɫ.ˈda.du/	soldado	soldier
/su.ða.ˈðoɾ/	sudador	/su.ɐ.ˈdoɾ/	suador	sweater
/in.ˈsi.pi.ða/	insípida	/ĩ.ˈsi.pi.dɐ/	insípida	tasteless, insipid (f.)
/pen.sa.ˈðoɾ/	pensador	/pẽ.sɐ.ˈdoɾ/	pensador	thinker
/sa.ˈkɾa.ɾjo/	sacrario	/sɐ.ˈkɾa.ɾju/	sacrário	sanctuary
/sal.ta.ˈðoɾ/	saltador	/saɫ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	saltador	jumper
/sa.lu.ˈða.ða/	saludada	/sɐ.u.ˈda.dɐ/	saudada	greeted (f.)
/sal.βa.ˈðoɾ/	salvador	/saɫ.vɐ.ˈdoɾ/	salvador	savior
/su.ðo.ˈɾo.so/	sudoroso	/su.du.ˈɾo.zu/	sudoroso	sweaty
/in.sa.ni.ˈðað/	insanidad	/ĩ.sɐ.ni.ˈda.dɨ/	insanidade	insanity
/sa.lu.ða.ˈðoɾ/	saludador	/sɐ.u.dɐ.ˈdoɾ/	saudador	greeter
/se.ɾe.ni.ˈðað/	serenidad	/sɨ.ɾɨ.ni.ˈda.dɨ/	serenidade	serenity
/seɾ.pen.ˈti.na/	serpentina	/sɨɾ.pẽ.ˈti.nɐ/	serpentina	serpentine
/se/	se	/sɨ/	se	himself/herself (clitic)
/si/	si	/sɨ/	se	if
/sin/	sin	/sɐ̃j/	sem	without
/sol/	sol	/sɔɫ/	sol	sun
/ˈsa.na/	sana	/sɐ̃/	sã	healthy
/ˈse.to/	seto	/ˈsɛ.tu/	seto	enclosure, hedge
/ˈsi.no/	sino	/sɨ.ˈnɐ̃w/	senão	but, except
/ˈsu.ʝo/	suyo	/sew/	seu	his/her (tonic)
/ˈsan.ta/	santa	/ˈsɐ̃.tɐ/	santa	holy
/sa.ˈθon/	sazón	/sɐ.ˈzɐ̃w/	sazão	season, ripeness
/ˈseks.ta/	sexta	/ˈsɛjʃ.tɐ/	sexta	sixth (f.)
/ˈsje.te/	siete	/ˈsɛ.tɨ/	sete	seven
/ˈsi.glo/	siglo	/ˈsɛ.ku.lu/	século	century
/ˈsi.ʎa/	silla	/ˈsɛ.lɐ/	sela	chair ≠ saddle
/ˈsoɾ.ða/	sorda	/ˈsuɾ.dɐ/	surda	deaf (f.)
/su.ˈðoɾ/	sudor	/swoɾ/	suor	sweat
/ˈswe.lo/	suelo	/ˈsɔ.lu/	solo	ground
/ˈswe.ɲo/	sueño	/ˈso.nu/	sono	sleep, dream
/ˈbeɾ.so/	verso	/ˈvɛɾ.su/	verso	verse
/ˈsaŋ.gɾe/	sangre	/ˈsɐ̃.gɨ/	sangue	blood
/se.ˈma.na/	semana	/sɨ.ˈmɐ.nɐ/	semana	week
/ˈsje.ra/	sierra	/ˈsɛ.ʁɐ/	serra	mountain range
/ˈsjeɾ.βa/	sierva	/ˈsɛɾ.vɐ/	serva	female servant
/ˈswel.do/	sueldo	/ˈsoɫ.du/	soldo	salary
/ˈsweɾ.te/	suerte	/ˈsɔɾ.tɨ/	sorte	luck, fate
/peɾ.ˈso.na/	persona	/pɨʃ.ˈsɔ.ɐ/	pessoa	person
/sa.ˈlan.te/	salante	/sɐ.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/	salante	salting
/se.ˈkan.te/	secante	/sɨ.ˈkɐ̃.tɨ/	secante	cutting, secant
/sek.ˈθjon/	sección	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃w/	seção	section
/se.ˈɣun.da/	segunda	/sɨ.ˈgũ.dɐ/	segunda	second
/se.ˈsen.ta/	sesenta	/sɨ.ˈsẽ.tɐ/	sessenta	sixty
/se.ˈten.ta/	setenta	/sɨ.ˈtẽ.tɐ/	setenta	seventy
/ˈsjem.pɾe/	siempre	/ˈsẽ.pɾɨ/	sempre	always
/sil.ˈβa.na/	silvana	/siɫ.ˈvɐ.nɐ/	silvana	sylvan
/su.ˈðan.te/	sudante	/su.ˈɐ̃.tɨ/	suante	sweating
/pen.ˈsan.te/	pensante	/pẽ.ˈsɐ̃.tɨ/	pensante	thinking
/sal.ˈtan.te/	saltante	/saɫ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	saltante	jumping, prominent
/sal.ˈβan.te/	salvante	/saɫ.ˈvɐ̃.tɨ/	salvante	saving
/sa.lu.ˈðan.te/	saludante	/sɐ.u.ˈdɐ̃.tɨ/	saudante	greeting
/seɾ.ˈpjen.te/	serpiente	/sɨɾ.ˈpẽ.tɨ/	serpente	snake
/se.ˈtjem.bɾe/	setiembre	/sɨ.ˈtẽ.bɾu/	setembro	September
/sa.ˈlan.do/	salando	/sɐ.ˈlɐ̃.du/	salando	salting (gerund)
/se.ˈɣan.do/	segando	/sɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/	segando	mowing, harvesting (gerund)
/su.ˈðan.do/	sudando	/su.ˈɐ̃.du/	suando	sweating (gerund)
/pen.ˈsan.do/	pensando	/pẽ.ˈsɐ̃.du/	pensando	thinking (gerund)
/sal.ˈtan.do/	saltando	/saɫ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	saltando	jumping (gerund)
/sal.ˈβan.do/	salvando	/saɫ.ˈvɐ̃.du/	salvando	saving (gerund)
/sa.lu.ˈðan.do/	saludando	/sɐ.u.ˈdɐ̃.du/	saudando	greeting (gerund)
/ˈsa.la/	sala	/ˈsa.lɐ/	sala	room, hall
/so.ˈfa/	sofá	/su.ˈfa/	sofá	sofa
/su.ˈfi/	sufi	/su.ˈfi/	sufi	sufí, Islamic mystic
/su.ˈfi/	sufí	/su.ˈfi/	sufi	sufí
/ˈsa.a.ɾa/	sahara	/ˈsa.ɐ.ɾɐ/	sahara	Sáhara, desert
/ˈso.pa/	sopa	/ˈsɔ.pɐ/	sopa	soup
/ˈgan.so/	ganso	/ˈgɐ̃.su/	ganso	goose
/si.ˈɾo.ko/	siroco	/si.ˈɾɔ.ku/	siroco	sirocco
/sul.ˈtan/	sultán	/suɫ.ˈtɐ̃w/	sultão	sultán
/ˈsa.ɣo/	sago	/ˈsa.gu/	sago	sago, palm starch
/sa.ˈɣu/	sagu	/sɐ.ˈgu/	sagu	sagú, palm starch
/ˈsa.ɾi/	sari	/ˈsa.ɾi/	sari	sari
/ˈsa.ʝa/	saya	/ˈsa.jɐ/	saya	saya, sword scabbard
/ˈse.βa/	seva	/ˈse.vɐ/	seva	seva, selfless service
/ˈsi.ta/	sita	/ˈsi.tɐ/	sita	Sita, Hindu deity
/ˈso.xu/	soju	/ˈso.ʒu/	soju	soju
/ˈsa.ðu/	sadhu	/ˈsa.du/	sadhu	sadhu, Hindu holy man
/sa.ˈib/	sahib	/sɐ.ˈib/	sahib	sahib
/sa.ˈtaj/	satay	/sɐ.ˈtaj/	satay	satay, skewered grilled meat
/ˈsat.ʝa/	satya	/ˈsa.tjɐ/	satya	satya, Hindu truth
/ˈse.ðeɾ/	seder	/ˈse.dɨɾ/	seder	Séder, Passover ritual meal
/si.ˈtaɾ/	sitar	/si.ˈtaɾ/	sitar	sitar
/ˈsu.ka/	sukha	/ˈsu.kɐ/	sukha	sukha, happiness
/ˈsuɾ.ʝa/	surya	/ˈsu.ɾjɐ/	surya	Surya, Hindu sun god
/ˈsu.si/	sushi	/ˈsu.ʃi/	sushi	sushi
/ˈsu.tɾa/	sutra	/ˈsu.tɾɐ/	sutra	sutra
/a.ˈim.sa/	ahimsa	/ɐ.ˈim.sɐ/	ahimsa	ahimsa
/ˈdim.san/	dimsum	/ˈdim.sɐm/	dim-sum	dim sum
/sa.ˈβa.na/	sabana	/sɐ.ˈva.nɐ/	savana	sabana
/sa.ˈfa.ɾi/	safari	/sɐ.ˈfa.ɾi/	safari	safari
/ˈsam.bal/	sambal	/sɐ̃.ˈbaɫ/	sambal	sambal, chili paste
/sa.ˈto.ɾi/	satori	/sɐ.ˈto.ɾi/	satori	satori
/sen.ˈsej/	sensei	/sẽ.ˈsej/	sensei	sensei
/ˈsu.mi.βi/	sumibi	/ˈsu.mi.bi/	sumibi	sumibi, charcoal grilling
/ˈdim.sum/	dim-sum	/ˈdim.sɐm/	dim-sum	dim-sum
/ˈkaj.se.ki/	kaiseki	/ˈkaj.sɨ.ki/	kaiseki	kaiseki, multi-course meal
/sa.ˈma.ði/	samadhi	/sɐ.ˈma.di/	samadhi	samadhi, meditative absorption
/sa.mo.ˈβaɾ/	samovar	/sɐ.mu.ˈvaɾ/	samovar	samovar
/sam.ˈsa.ɾa/	samsara	/sɐ̃.ˈsa.ɾɐ/	samsara	samsara
/sa.ˈʃi.ko/	sashiko	/sɐ.ˈʃi.ku/	sashiko	sashiko, Japanese stitching
/sa.ˈʃi.mi/	sashimi	/sɐ.ˈʃi.mi/	sashimi	sashimi
/sep.ˈpu.ku/	seppuku	/sɨp.ˈpu.ku/	seppuku	seppuku
/soɾ.ˈbe.te/	sorbete	/suɾ.ˈve.tɨ/	sorvete	sorbete
/sa.ʝo.ˈna.ɾa/	sayonara	/sɐ.ju.ˈna.ɾɐ/	sayonara	sayonara
/su.ki.ˈʝa.ki/	sukiyaki	/su.ki.ˈja.ki/	sukiyaki	sukiyaki
/san.ˈʝa.sin/	sannyasin	/sɐn.ˈja.zĩ/	sannyasin	sannyasin, Hindu renunciant
/sa.ɾas.ˈba.ti/	saraswati	/sɐ.ɾɐʒ.ˈva.ti/	saraswati	Saraswati, Hindu goddess
/ˈsa.ɣo/	sago	/sɐ.ˈgu/	sagu	sago, palm starch
/sa.ˈɣu/	sagu	/ˈsa.gu/	sago	sagú, palm starch
/ˈsa.ke/	sake	/sɐ.ˈke/	saquê	sake
/ˈso.βa/	soba	/ˈsɔ.bɐ/	soba	soba, buckwheat noodle
/ˈsu.mo/	sumo	/su.ˈmo/	sumô	sumo
/ˈon.sen/	onsen	/ˈõ.sẽ/	onsen	onsen
/ˈsa.u.na/	sauna	/ˈsaw.nɐ/	sauna	sauna
/bon.ˈsa.i/	bonsái	/bõ.ˈsaj/	bonsai	bonsai
/ˈdim.san/	dimsum	/ˈdĩ.sɐ̃/	dimsum	dim sum
/ˈsa.ku.ɾa/	sakura	/sɐ.ku.ˈɾɐ/	sakura	sakura, cherry blossom
/sa.ˈmo.sa/	samosa	/sɐ.ˈmɔ.zɐ/	samosa	samosa, fried pastry
/ˈsaŋ.ga/	sangha	/ˈsɐ̃.gɐ/	sangha	sangha, Buddhist community
/ˈsen.tʃa/	sencha	/ˈsẽ.tʃɐ/	sencha	sencha, green tea
/ˈdim.sum/	dim-sum	/ˈdĩ.sɐ̃/	dimsum	dim-sum
/sa.mu.ˈɾa.i/	samurai	/sɐ.mu.ˈɾaj/	samurai	samurái, warrior
/sa.mu.ˈɾa.i/	samurái	/sɐ.mu.ˈɾaj/	samurai	samurai
/ˈsaŋk.ʝa/	sankhya	/ˈsɐ̃.kjɐ/	sankhya	Samkhya, Hindu philosophical school
/ˈsa.tsaŋ/	satsang	/sɐ.ˈtsɐ̃/	satsang	satsang, spiritual gathering

→ /ʃ/⟨x⟩ · ⟨s⟩, not after diphthong · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/sa/	sah	/ʃa/	xa	shah, Persian king
/sa/	sah	/ʃa/	xá	shah, Persian king

→ /s/⟨c⟩ · ⟨c⟩ · 36

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈθe.βo/	cebo	/ˈse.vu/	cevo	bait
/ˈθe.ɾa/	cera	/ˈse.ɾɐ/	cera	wax
/ˈθeɾ.ka/	cerca	/ˈseɾ.kɐ/	cerca	near, around
/θe.ˈsaɾ/	cesar	/sɨ.ˈsaɾ/	cessar	to cease, stop
/θi.ˈβil/	civil	/si.ˈviɫ/	civil	civil
/θeɾ.ˈkaɾ/	cercar	/sɨɾ.ˈkaɾ/	cercar	to encircle, surround, fence in
/θe.ˈsa.ða/	cesada	/sɨ.ˈsa.dɐ/	cessada	ceased (f.)
/ˈθi.βi.ka/	cívica	/ˈsi.vi.kɐ/	cívica	civic
/meɾ.ˈθeð/	merced	/mɨɾ.ˈse/	mercê	mercy, favor
/ben.ˈθeɾ/	vencer	/vẽ.ˈseɾ/	vencer	to conquer
/θeɾ.ˈka.ða/	cercada	/sɨɾ.ˈka.dɐ/	cercada	encircled, fenced (f.)
/θeɾ.ˈβi.na/	cervina	/sɨɾ.ˈvi.nɐ/	cervina	deer-like
/θe.sa.ˈðoɾ/	cesador	/sɨ.sɐ.ˈdoɾ/	cessador	one who ceases (rare)
/ek.ˈθep.to/	excepto	/iʃ.ˈse.tu/	exceto	except
/ˈmaɾ.θi.ða/	márcida	/ˈmaɾ.si.dɐ/	márcida	withered
/θeɾ.ka.ˈðoɾ/	cercador	/sɨɾ.kɐ.ˈdoɾ/	cercador	encircler, fence-builder
/pɾin.ˈθi.pjo/	principio	/pɾĩ.ˈsi.pju/	princípio	beginning
/ˈθe.na/	cena	/ˈsej.ɐ/	ceia	dinner
/ˈθje.lo/	cielo	/sɛw/	céu	sky
/ˈθiŋ.ko/	cinco	/ˈsĩ.ku/	cinco	five
/ˈθin.ta/	cinta	/ˈsĩ.tɐ/	cinta	ribbon, belt
/ˈdul.θe/	dulce	/ˈdɔ.sɨ/	doce	sweet
/ˈθen.tɾo/	centro	/ˈsẽ.tɾu/	centro	center
/ˈθjen.to/	ciento	/ˈsẽ.tu/	cento	hundred
/ˈθjeɾ.ta/	cierta	/ˈsɛɾ.tɐ/	certa	sure, certain
/ˈθjeɾ.βa/	cierva	/ˈsɛɾ.vɐ/	cerva	doe
/ˈθjeɾ.βo/	ciervo	/ˈseɾ.vu/	cervo	deer
/θe.ˈsan.te/	cesante	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃.tɨ/	cessante	ceasing, dismissed
/θeɾ.ˈkan.te/	cercante	/sɨɾ.ˈkɐ̃.tɨ/	cercante	encircling
/θiŋ.ˈkwen.ta/	cincuenta	/sĩ.ˈkwẽ.tɐ/	cinquenta	fifty
/ben.ˈθjen.te/	venciente	/vẽ.ˈsẽ.tɨ/	vencente	winning, winner
/θjen/	cien	/ˈsẽ.tu/	cento	one hundred (apocopated)
/θe.ˈsan.do/	cesando	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃.du/	cessando	ceasing (gerund)
/θeɾ.ˈkan.do/	cercando	/sɨɾ.ˈkɐ̃.du/	cercando	encircling (gerund)
/ˈθi.fɾa/	cifra	/ˈsi.fɾɐ/	cifra	cipher, digit
/ˈθe.ɾo/	cero	/ˈsi.fɾɐ/	cifra	cero

→ /z/⟨z⟩ · ⟨c⟩ · 8

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ja.ˈθeɾ/	yacer	/ʒɐ.ˈzeɾ/	jazer	to lie
/en.ˈθi.na/	encina	/ɐ.ˈzi.ɲɐ/	azinha	holm oak
/ka.ˈtoɾ.θe/	catorce	/kɐ.ˈtoɾ.zɨ/	catorze	fourteen
/ˈon.θe/	once	/ˈõ.zɨ/	onze	eleven
/ˈkin.θe/	quince	/ˈkĩ.zɨ/	quinze	fifteen
/ja.ˈθjen.te/	yaciente	/ʒɐ.ˈzẽ.tɨ/	jazente	lying
/ˈθe.ɾo/	cero	/ˈzɛ.ɾu/	zero	cero
/ˈθi.fɾa/	cifra	/ˈzɛ.ɾu/	zero	cipher, digit

→ /z/⟨z⟩ · ⟨z⟩ · 7

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/θaɾ/	zar	/zaɾ/	czar	zar (tsar)
/ˈθo.ɾi/	zori	/ˈzo.ɾi/	zori	zori, Japanese sandals
/ˈθa.θen/	zazen	/ˈza.zẽ/	zazen	zazen, seated Zen meditation
/θaj.ˈβa.tsu/	zaibatsu	/zaj.ˈba.tsu/	zaibatsu	zaibatsu
/θen/	zen	/zɛn/	zen	zen
/ˈpon.θu/	ponzu	/ˈpõ.zu/	ponzu	ponzu, citrus sauce
/ban.ˈθa.i/	banzai	/bɐ̃.ˈzaj/	banzai	banzai

→ /s/⟨ç⟩ · ⟨z⟩ · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈmaɾ.θo/	marzo	/ˈmaɾ.su/	março	March
/ˈfweɾ.θa/	fuerza	/ˈfɔɾ.sɐ/	força	force, strength
/man.ˈθa.na/	manzana	/mɐ.ˈsɐ̃/	maçã	apple

→ /s/⟨s⟩ · ⟨z⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈθa.fɾa/	zafra	/ˈsa.fɾɐ/	safra	harvest (esp. sugar-cane harvest)
/θa.ˈfi.ɾo/	zafiro	/sɐ.ˈfi.ɾɐ/	safira	sapphire

→ /ts/⟨ts⟩ · ⟨z⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/θaɾ/	zar	/tsaɾ/	tsar	zar (tsar)

/x/⟨j⟩ → /ʎ, ʃ/28 pairs

source

→ /ʎ/⟨lh⟩ · 22

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈa.xo/	ajo	/ˈa.ʎu/	alho	garlic
/ˈo.xo/	ojo	/ˈo.ʎu/	olho	eye
/ˈi.xa/	hija	/ˈfi.ʎɐ/	filha	daughter
/ˈi.xo/	hijo	/ˈfi.ʎu/	filho	son
/ˈo.xa/	hoja	/ˈfo.ʎɐ/	folha	leaf
/ˈmi.xo/	mijo	/ˈmi.ʎu/	milho	millet
/ˈpa.xa/	paja	/ˈpa.ʎɐ/	palha	straw
/ˈte.xa/	teja	/ˈte.ʎɐ/	telha	roof tile
/a.ˈβe.xa/	abeja	/ɐ.ˈbe.ʎɐ/	abelha	bee
/a.ˈɣu.xa/	aguja	/ɐ.ˈgu.ʎɐ/	agulha	needle
/ˈkwa.xo/	cuajo	/ku.ˈa.ʎu/	coalho	rennet, curd
/o.ˈɾe.xa/	oreja	/u.ˈɾe.ʎɐ/	orelha	ear
/ˈpjo.xo/	piojo	/pi.ˈo.ʎu/	piolho	louse
/ko.ˈne.xo/	conejo	/ku.ˈe.ʎu/	coelho	rabbit
/es.ˈpe.xo/	espejo	/iʃ.ˈpe.ʎu/	espelho	mirror
/ma.ˈno.xo/	manojo	/ˈmo.ʎu/	molho	handful, bunch
/a.pa.ˈɾe.xo/	aparejo	/ɐ.pɐ.ˈɾe.ʎu/	aparelho	gear, tackle, rig
/beɾ.ˈme.xo/	bermejo	/vɨɾ.ˈme.ʎu/	vermelho	vermilion, reddish
/kon.ˈse.xo/	consejo	/kõ.ˈse.ʎu/	conselho	counsel, advice
/ˈta.xa/	taja	/ˈta.ʎɐ/	talha	cutting (archaic; modern usage prefers m. 'tajo')
/ˈbje.xa/	vieja	/ˈvɛ.ʎɐ/	velha	old
/len.ˈte.xa/	lenteja	/lẽ.ˈti.ʎɐ/	lentilha	lentil

→ /ʒ/⟨j⟩ · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.θu.ˈle.xo/	azulejo	/ɐ.zu.ˈle.ʒu/	azulejo	ceramic tile, glazed tile
/ˈdo.xo/	dojo	/ˈdo.ʒu/	dojo	dojo
/ˈso.xu/	soju	/ˈso.ʒu/	soju	soju

→ /ʃ/⟨x⟩ · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈba.xo/	bajo	/ˈbaj.ʃu/	baixo	low, below
/ˈka.xa/	caja	/ˈkaj.ʃɐ/	caixa	box
/ˈflo.xo/	flojo	/ˈfɾow.ʃu/	frouxo	loose, slack, lazy

/x/⟨g, j, ch⟩ → /ʒ/45 pairs

source

→ /ʒ/⟨g⟩ · ⟨g⟩ · 28

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈxe.ma/	gema	/ˈʒe.mɐ/	gema	gem, yolk
/xi.ˈɾaɾ/	girar	/ʒi.ˈɾaɾ/	girar	to turn, rotate
/xen.ˈtil/	gentil	/ʒẽ.ˈtiɫ/	gentil	gentle, noble
/xi.ˈɾa.ða/	girada	/ʒi.ˈɾa.dɐ/	girada	turned (f.)
/ˈma.xi.ka/	mágica	/ˈma.ʒi.kɐ/	mágica	magical
/ˈpa.xi.na/	página	/ˈpa.ʒi.nɐ/	página	page
/ˈri.xi.ða/	rígida	/ˈʁi.ʒi.dɐ/	rígida	rigid, stiff (f.)
/ˈal.xi.ða/	álgida	/ˈaɫ.ʒi.dɐ/	álgida	algid, peak (f.)
/ˈfɾi.xi.ða/	frígida	/ˈfɾi.ʒi.dɐ/	frígida	frigid, cold (f.)
/xe.ne.ˈɾal/	general	/ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾaɫ/	general	general (adjective/noun)
/xi.ɾa.ˈðoɾ/	girador	/ʒi.ɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	girador	turner, drawer (of a check)
/ˈtuɾ.xi.ða/	túrgida	/ˈtuɾ.ʒi.dɐ/	túrgida	turgid, swollen (f.)
/xe.ne.ˈɾo.so/	generoso	/ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾo.zu/	generoso	generous
/aɾ.xen.ˈti.na/	argentina	/ɐɾ.ʒẽ.ˈti.nɐ/	argentina	silvery, Argentine
/xeɾ.ˈma.ni.ka/	germánica	/ʒɨɾ.ˈma.ni.kɐ/	germânica	Germanic
/ˈxen.te/	gente	/ˈʒẽ.tɨ/	gente	people, folk
/a.ˈxen.te/	agente	/ɐ.ˈʒẽ.tɨ/	agente	agent
/ˈlo.xi.ka/	lógica	/ˈlɔ.ʒi.kɐ/	lógica	logic
/ˈlo.xi.ko/	lógico	/ˈlɔ.ʒi.ku/	lógico	logical
/xi.ˈɣan.te/	gigante	/ʒi.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/	gigante	giant
/xi.ˈɾan.te/	girante	/ʒi.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/	girante	turning
/re.ˈxen.te/	regente	/ʁɨ.ˈʒẽ.tɨ/	regente	regent, ruler
/bi.xi.ˈlan.te/	vigilante	/vi.ʒi.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/	vigilante	vigilant, watchful
/a.ˈxen.do/	agendo	/ɐ.ˈʒẽ.du/	agindo	acting (gerund; archaic)
/xi.ˈɾan.do/	girando	/ʒi.ˈɾɐ̃.du/	girando	turning (gerund)
/re.ˈxen.do/	regendo	/ʁɨ.ˈʒẽ.du/	regendo	ruling (archaic; modern uses rigiendo)
/ˈal.xe.βɾa/	álgebra	/ˈaɫ.ʒɨ.bɾɐ/	álgebra	algebra
/ˈe.xi.ɾa/	hégira	/ˈɛ.ʒi.ɾɐ/	hégira	Hijra

→ /ʒ/⟨j⟩ · ⟨j, ch⟩ · 14

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/xu.ˈɾaɾ/	jurar	/ʒu.ˈɾaɾ/	jurar	to swear
/ˈxus.ta/	justa	/ˈʒuʃ.tɐ/	justa	just, right (f.)
/xu.ˈɾa.ða/	jurada	/ʒu.ˈɾa.dɐ/	jurada	sworn (f.)
/xu.ɾa.ˈðoɾ/	jurador	/ʒu.ɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	jurador	swearer, juror
/ˈxo.βen/	joven	/ˈʒɔ.vɐ̃j/	jovem	young person
/ˈxwe.ɣo/	juego	/ˈʒo.gu/	jogo	game
/ˈxun.ta/	junta	/ˈʒũ.tɐ/	junta	assembly, council
/ˈxun.to/	junto	/ˈʒũ.tu/	junto	joined, together
/xu.ˈɾan.te/	jurante	/ʒu.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/	jurante	swearing, oath-taker
/xu.ˈɾan.do/	jurando	/ʒu.ˈɾɐ̃.du/	jurando	swearing (gerund)
/ˈxi.βa/	jiva	/ˈʒi.vɐ/	jiva	jiva
/xi.u.ˈxi.tsu/	jiu-jitsu	/ʒi.u.ˈʒi.tsu/	jiu-jitsu	jiu-jitsu
/ˈxeŋ.ga/	jenga	/ˈʒẽ.gɐ/	jenga	jenga
/ˈxuŋ.gla/	jungla	/ˈʒɐ̃.gaw/	jângal	jungle

→ /∅⟨ch⟩/⟨ch⟩ · ⟨j, ch⟩ · 1

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈxuts.pa/	chutzpah	/ˈuts.pɐ/	chutzpah	chutzpah, audacity

→ /ʃ/⟨x⟩ · ⟨j, ch⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈxe.ke/	jeque	/ˈʃe.kɨ/	xeque	sheikh

→ /ʒ/⟨g⟩ · ⟨j, ch⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/xi.ˈɾa.fa/	jirafa	/ʒi.ˈɾa.fɐ/	girafa	giraffe

/θ/⟨c⟩ → /s/24 pairs

source

→ /s/⟨ç⟩ · 22

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈpɾe.θjo/	precio	/ˈpɾe.su/	preço	price
/ˈteɾ.θjo/	tercio	/ˈteɾ.su/	terço	third
/na.ˈθjon/	nación	/nɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	nação	nation
/no.ˈθjon/	noción	/nu.ˈsɐ̃w/	noção	notion
/kan.ˈθjon/	canción	/kɐ̃.ˈsɐ̃w/	canção	song
/e.ði.ˈθjon/	edición	/i.di.ˈsɐ̃w/	edição	edition
/e.mo.ˈθjon/	emoción	/i.mu.ˈsɐ̃w/	emoção	emotion
/fun.ˈθjon/	función	/fũ.ˈsɐ̃w/	função	function
/lek.ˈθjon/	lección	/li.ˈsɐ̃w/	lição	lesson, lecture
/o.ɾa.ˈθjon/	oración	/u.ɾɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	oração	prayer, sentence
/poɾ.ˈθjon/	porción	/puɾ.ˈsɐ̃w/	porção	portion, share
/sek.ˈθjon/	sección	/sɨ.ˈsɐ̃w/	seção	section
/a.ten.ˈθjon/	atención	/ɐ.tɨn.ˈsɐ̃w/	atenção	attention
/de.βo.ˈθjon/	devoción	/dɨ.vu.ˈsɐ̃w/	devoção	devotion
/es.ta.ˈθjon/	estación	/iʃ.tɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	estação	station, season
/po.zi.ˈθjon/	posición	/pu.zi.ˈsɐ̃w/	posição	position
/re.la.ˈθjon/	relación	/ʁɨ.lɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	relação	relation, relationship
/tɾaj.ˈθjon/	traición	/tɾɐj.ˈsɐ̃w/	traição	betrayal, treason
/tɾaj.ˈθjon/	traición	/tɾɐ.di.ˈsɐ̃w/	tradição	betrayal ≠ tradition
/kon.di.ˈθjon/	condición	/kõ.di.ˈsɐ̃w/	condição	condition
/tɾa.ði.ˈθjon/	tradición	/tɾɐ.di.ˈsɐ̃w/	tradição	tradition
/tɾa.ði.ˈθjon/	tradición	/tɾɐj.ˈsɐ̃w/	traição	tradition ≠ betrayal

→ /s/⟨c⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/θju.ˈðað/	ciudad	/si.ˈda.dɨ/	cidade	city
/pa.ˈla.θjo/	palacio	/pɐ.ˈla.sju/	palácio	palace

/s, θ, stɾ/⟨s, z, ∅, str⟩ → /ʃ, s/164 pairs

source

→ /ʃ/⟨s⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 124

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/mes/	mes	/meʃ/	mês	month
/ˈes.te/	este	/ˈeʃ.tɨ/	este	this (m.)
/sejs/	seis	/sejʃ/	seis	six
/tɾes/	tres	/tɾeʃ/	três	three
/ˈas.tɾo/	astro	/ˈaʃ.tɾu/	astro	star, celestial body
/ˈkas.ta/	casta	/ˈkaʃ.tɐ/	casta	chaste
/ˈe.ʎos/	ellos	/ˈe.lɨʃ/	eles	they (m. pl.)
/es.ˈtaɾ/	estar	/iʃ.ˈtaɾ/	estar	to be (state)
/ˈxus.ta/	justa	/ˈʒuʃ.tɐ/	justa	just, right (f.)
/ˈme.nos/	menos	/ˈme.nuʃ/	menos	less
/ˈmos.ka/	mosca	/ˈmoʃ.kɐ/	mosca	fly
/ˈpas.ta/	pasta	/ˈpaʃ.tɐ/	pasta	paste
/ˈpas.to/	pasto	/ˈpaʃ.tu/	pasto	pasture
/a.ˈɣos.to/	agosto	/ɐ.ˈgoʃ.tu/	agosto	August
/bus.ˈkaɾ/	buscar	/buʃ.ˈkaɾ/	buscar	to seek
/kos.ˈtaɾ/	costar	/kuʃ.ˈtaɾ/	custar	to cost
/es.ˈka.la/	escala	/iʃ.ˈka.lɐ/	escala	stair, scale
/es.ˈku.ðo/	escudo	/iʃ.ˈku.du/	escudo	shield
/es.ˈpe.xo/	espejo	/iʃ.ˈpe.ʎu/	espelho	mirror
/es.ˈpi.na/	espina	/iʃ.ˈpi.ɲɐ/	espinha	thorn
/es.ˈta.ða/	estada	/iʃ.ˈta.dɐ/	estada	stay
/es.ˈta.ðo/	estado	/iʃ.ˈta.du/	estado	been, state
/pas.ˈtoɾ/	pastor	/pɐʃ.ˈtoɾ/	pastor	shepherd
/pes.ˈkaɾ/	pescar	/pɨʃ.ˈkaɾ/	pescar	to fish
/res.ˈtaɾ/	restar	/ʁɨʃ.ˈtaɾ/	restar	to remain, subtract
/tes.ˈtaɾ/	testar	/tɨʃ.ˈtaɾ/	testar	to testify, will
/ˈtɾis.te/	triste	/ˈtɾiʃ.tɨ/	triste	sad
/bes.ˈtiɾ/	vestir	/vɨʃ.ˈtiɾ/	vestir	to dress, clothe
/kas.ˈta.ɲa/	castaña	/kɐʃ.ˈta.ɲɐ/	castanha	chestnut
/kas.ˈtɾaɾ/	castrar	/kɐʃ.ˈtɾaɾ/	castrar	to castrate, prune
/kos.ˈta.ða/	costada	/kuʃ.ˈta.dɐ/	costada	cost ≠ side
/es.ˈkɾi.ta/	escrita	/iʃ.ˈkɾi.tɐ/	escrita	written (f.)
/es.ˈtɾa.ða/	estrada	/iʃ.ˈtɾa.dɐ/	estrada	road (paved)
/es.tu.ˈpoɾ/	estupor	/iʃ.tu.ˈpoɾ/	estupor	stupor, amazement
/gus.ˈto.so/	gustoso	/guʃ.ˈto.zu/	gostoso	tasty
/mos.ˈtɾaɾ/	mostrar	/muʃ.ˈtɾaɾ/	mostrar	to show
/pes.ˈka.ða/	pescada	/pɨʃ.ˈka.dɐ/	pescada	fished (f.)
/pos.ˈtu.ɾa/	postura	/puʃ.ˈtu.ɾɐ/	postura	posture, position
/res.ˈta.ða/	restada	/ʁɨʃ.ˈta.dɐ/	restada	remained (f.)
/ro.ˈβus.ta/	robusta	/ʁu.ˈbuʃ.tɐ/	robusta	robust, strong (f.)
/ˈrus.ti.ka/	rústica	/ˈʁuʃ.ti.kɐ/	rústica	rustic
/tes.ˈta.ða/	testada	/tɨʃ.ˈta.dɐ/	testada	tested, testified
/bes.ˈti.ða/	vestida	/vɨʃ.ˈti.dɐ/	vestida	dressed
/bes.ˈti.ðo/	vestido	/vɨʃ.ˈti.du/	vestido	dress, garment
/kas.ˈtɾa.ða/	castrada	/kɐʃ.ˈtɾa.dɐ/	castrada	castrated (f.)
/kos.ta.ˈðoɾ/	costador	/kuʃ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	costador	establisher (rare)
/es.ku.ˈtʃaɾ/	escuchar	/iʃ.ku.ˈtaɾ/	escutar	to listen
/es.ˈtu.pi.ða/	estúpida	/iʃ.ˈtu.pi.dɐ/	estúpida	stupid (f.)
/mos.ˈtɾa.ða/	mostrada	/muʃ.ˈtɾa.dɐ/	mostrada	shown (f.)
/pes.ka.ˈðoɾ/	pescador	/pɨʃ.kɐ.ˈdoɾ/	pescador	fisherman
/po.tes.ˈtað/	potestad	/pu.tɨʃ.ˈta.dɨ/	potestade	power, authority
/res.ta.ˈðoɾ/	restador	/ʁɨʃ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	restador	subtractor ≠ restorer
/tes.ta.ˈðoɾ/	testador	/tɨʃ.tɐ.ˈdoɾ/	testador	testator, witness
/kas.tɾa.ˈðoɾ/	castrador	/kɐʃ.tɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	castrador	castrator
/mos.tɾa.ˈðoɾ/	mostrador	/muʃ.tɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/	mostrador	counter, display case
/res.pon.ˈdeɾ/	responder	/ʁɨʃ.põ.ˈdeɾ/	responder	to answer
/tem.pes.ˈtað/	tempestad	/tẽ.pɨʃ.ˈta.dɨ/	tempestade	storm, tempest
/kɾis.ta.ˈli.na/	cristalina	/kɾiʃ.tɐ.ˈli.nɐ/	cristalina	crystalline
/bes.peɾ.ˈti.na/	vespertina	/vɨʃ.pɨɾ.ˈti.nɐ/	vespertina	evening, vespertine (f.)
/dos/	dos	/dojʃ/	dois	two
/les/	les	/ʎɨʃ/	lhes	to them (clitic dat pl.)
/mas/	más	/majʃ/	mais	more
/djos/	dios	/dewʃ/	deus	god
/ˈes.to/	esto	/ˈiʃ.tu/	isto	this (neuter)
/ˈkos.ta/	costa	/ˈkɔʃ.tɐ/	costa	coast
/ˈgus.to/	gusto	/ˈgoʃ.tu/	gosto	taste
/xa.ˈmas/	jamás	/ʒɐ.ˈmajʃ/	jamais	ever
/ˈres.to/	resto	/ˈʁɛʃ.tu/	resto	remainder
/ˈtes.ta/	testa	/ˈtɛʃ.tɐ/	testa	head ≠ forehead
/ˈbes.tja/	bestia	/ˈbɛʃ.tɐ/	besta	beast
/ˈkɾes.ta/	cresta	/ˈkɾiʃ.tɐ/	crista	crest
/es.ˈpo.sa/	esposa	/iʃ.ˈpɔ.zɐ/	esposa	spouse, wife
/ˈfjes.ta/	fiesta	/ˈfɛʃ.tɐ/	festa	feast
/ˈpwes.to/	puesto	/ˈpoʃ.tu/	posto	placed, position
/ˈdjes.tɾa/	diestra	/ˈdɛʃ.tɾɐ/	destra	right hand
/es.ˈkwe.la/	escuela	/iʃ.ˈkɔ.lɐ/	escola	school
/es.ˈtan.te/	estante	/iʃ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	estante	shelf, standing
/is.ˈpa.na/	hispana	/iʃ.ˈpɐ.nɐ/	hispana	Hispanic, Spanish
/ma.ˈes.tɾo/	maestro	/ˈmɛʃ.tɾɨ/	mestre	master, teacher
/kas.ˈti.ʎo/	castillo	/kɐʃ.ˈtɛ.lu/	castelo	castle
/es.kɾi.ˈβiɾ/	escribir	/iʃ.kɾɨ.ˈveɾ/	escrever	to write
/es.ta.ˈθjon/	estación	/iʃ.tɐ.ˈsɐ̃w/	estação	station, season
/es.ˈtam.bɾe/	estambre	/iʃ.ˈtɐ.mɨ/	estame	worsted yarn, stamen
/es.ˈtɾe.tʃa/	estrecha	/iʃ.ˈtɾej.tɐ/	estreita	tight, narrow
/es.ˈtɾe.ʎa/	estrella	/iʃ.ˈtɾɛ.lɐ/	estrela	star
/is.ˈto.ɾja/	historia	/iʃ.ˈtɔ.ɾjɐ/	história	story
/res.ˈtan.te/	restante	/ʁɨʃ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	restante	remaining, residual
/tes.ˈtan.te/	testante	/tɨʃ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	testante	testator, witness
/kas.ˈtɾan.te/	castrante	/kɐʃ.ˈtɾɐ̃.tɨ/	castrante	castrating
/kɾist.ˈja.no/	cristiano	/kɾiʃ.ˈtɐ̃w/	cristão	Christian
/do.ˈmes.ti.ka/	doméstica	/du.ˈmɛʃ.ti.kɐ/	doméstica	domestic
/es.kɾi.ˈβa.no/	escribano	/iʃ.kɾi.ˈvɐ̃w/	escrivão	scribe, notary
/mos.ˈtɾan.te/	mostrante	/muʃ.ˈtɾɐ̃.tɨ/	mostrante	showing
/ˈwes.te/	hueste	/ˈɔʃ.tɨ/	hoste	army, host (archaic)
/es.ˈtan.do/	estando	/iʃ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	estando	being (gerund)
/kos.ˈtan.do/	costando	/kuʃ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	costando	costing (gerund)
/kos.ˈtan.te/	costante	/kuʃ.ˈtɐ̃.tɨ/	costante	constant (archaic; modern uses constante with /-ns-/-restoration)
/pes.ˈkan.do/	pescando	/pɨʃ.ˈkɐ̃.du/	pescando	fishing (gerund)
/res.ˈtan.do/	restando	/ʁɨʃ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	restando	remaining, subtracting (gerund)
/tes.ˈtan.do/	testando	/tɨʃ.ˈtɐ̃.du/	testando	testing (gerund)
/kas.ˈtɾan.do/	castrando	/kɐʃ.ˈtɾɐ̃.du/	castrando	castrating, pruning (gerund)
/mos.ˈtɾan.do/	mostrando	/muʃ.ˈtɾɐ̃.du/	mostrando	showing (gerund)
/gɾis/	gris	/gɾiʃ/	gris	gray
/ˈu.mus/	humus	/ˈu.muʃ/	húmus	humus
/ˈlis.ta/	lista	/ˈliʃ.tɐ/	lista	list, stripe
/es.ˈta.ka/	estaca	/iʃ.ˈta.kɐ/	estaca	stake, pole
/ˈfɾas.ko/	frasco	/ˈfɾaʃ.ku/	frasco	flask, jar
/ˈfɾes.ko/	fresco	/ˈfɾeʃ.ku/	fresco	fresh, cool
/es.ˈki.na/	esquina	/iʃ.ˈki.nɐ/	esquina	corner
/es.ˈtɾi.βo/	estribo	/iʃ.ˈtɾi.bu/	estribo	stirrup
/ˈbos.ke/	bosque	/ˈbɔʃ.kɨ/	bosque	forest, woods
/kβas/	kvas	/kvaʃ/	kvas	kvas
/ˈma.nas/	manas	/ˈma.nɐʃ/	manas	manas, mind
/pa.ˈpus/	papus	/pɐ.ˈpuʃ/	papus	papús, Native American baby
/ˈta.pas/	tapas	/ˈta.pɐʃ/	tapas	tapas, austerity
/buɾst/	wurst	/vuɾʃt/	wurst	wurst, German sausage
/es.ˈnaps/	esnaps	/ʃnapʃ/	schnaps	schnapps
/sput.ˈnik/	sputnik	/ʃput.ˈnik/	sputnik	Sputnik (satellite)
/glas.ˈnost/	glasnost	/glɐʒ.ˈnoʃt/	glasnost	glasnost
/pe.ɾes.ˈtɾoj.ka/	perestroika	/pɨ.ɾɨʃ.ˈtɾoj.kɐ/	perestroika	perestroika
/es.ˈpjel/	spiel	/ʃpiɫ/	spiel	spiel, sales pitch
/ˈkjos.ko/	quiosco	/ˈkjɔʃ.kɨ/	quiosque	kiosk
/es.tɾu.ˈðel/	strudel	/iʃ.tɾu.ˈdɛɫ/	strudel	strudel
/es.ˈβas.ti.ka/	esvástica	/ˈswaʃ.ti.kɐ/	suástica	esvástica

→ /∅/⟨⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 2

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/no.ˈso.tɾos/	nosotros	/nɔʃ/	nós	we (1pl)
/bo.ˈso.tɾos/	vosotros	/vɔʃ/	vós	you (2pl)

→ /ɐʃ/⟨as⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/dos/	dos	/ˈdu.ɐʃ/	duas	two (f.)

→ /iʃ/⟨es⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/es.kaɾ.ˈla.ta/	escarlata	/iʃ.kɐɾ.ˈla.tɨ/	escarlate	scarlet

→ /ʃ/⟨x⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ˈtʃis/	hachís	/ɐ.ˈʃi.ʃɨ/	haxixe	hachís

→ /ʃ/⟨ss⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/kβas/	kvas	/kvaʃ/	kvass	kvas

→ /s/⟨ss⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/tos/	tos	/ˈtɔ.sɨ/	tosse	cough

→ /s/⟨s⟩ · ⟨s⟩ · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/bals/	vals	/ˈvaɫ.sɐ/	valsa	waltz

→ /ʃ/⟨z⟩ · ⟨z⟩, after front vowel · 4

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/peθ/	pez	/peʃ/	pez	pitch
/beθ/	vez	/veʃ/	vez	turn, time
/fe.ˈliθ/	feliz	/fɨ.ˈliʃ/	feliz	happy, fortunate
/meθ.ˈkal/	mezcal	/mɨʃ.ˈkal/	mezcal	mezcal

→ /ʃ/⟨s⟩ · ⟨z⟩, after front vowel · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/al.ˈmiθ.kle/	almizcle	/aɫ.ˈmiʃ.kɐɾ/	almíscar	musk
/meθ.ˈki.no/	mezquino	/mɨʃ.ˈki.ɲu/	mesquinho	mean, paltry, miserly
/meθ.ˈkal/	mezcal	/mɨʃ.ˈkaw/	mescal	mezcal

→ /tʃ/⟨t⟩ · ⟨z⟩, after front vowel · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/a.ˈðiθ/	hadiz	/ɐ.ˈdi.tʃɨ/	hadite	hadiz

→ /ʒ/⟨z⟩ · ⟨z⟩, after front vowel · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/xa.ˈeθ/	jaez	/ʒɐ.ˈeʒ/	jaez	harness, manner, sort

→ /ʃ/⟨z⟩ · ⟨z⟩, not after front vowel · 15

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/luθ/	luz	/luʃ/	luz	light
/paθ/	paz	/paʃ/	paz	peace
/kɾuθ/	cruz	/kɾuʃ/	cruz	cross
/a.u.ˈðaθ/	audaz	/ɐ.u.ˈdaʃ/	audaz	bold, audacious
/ka.ˈpaθ/	capaz	/kɐ.ˈpaʃ/	capaz	capable
/fa.ˈlaθ/	falaz	/fɐ.ˈlaʃ/	falaz	deceitful, fallacious
/sa.ˈɣaθ/	sagaz	/sɐ.ˈgaʃ/	sagaz	sagacious, shrewd
/te.ˈnaθ/	tenaz	/tɨ.ˈnaʃ/	tenaz	tenacious
/be.ˈɾaθ/	veraz	/vɨ.ˈɾaʃ/	veraz	truthful
/bo.ˈɾaθ/	voraz	/vu.ˈɾaʃ/	voraz	voracious
/boθ/	voz	/vɔʃ/	voz	voice
/djeθ/	diez	/dɛʃ/	dez	ten
/nweθ/	nuez	/nɔʃ/	noz	nut, walnut
/a.ˈroθ/	arroz	/ɐ.ˈʁoʃ/	arroz	rice
/al.βoɾ.ˈnoθ/	albornoz	/aɫ.buɾ.ˈnoʃ/	albornoz	hooded cloak, bathrobe

→ /s/⟨c⟩ · ⟨z⟩, not after front vowel · 1

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/oθ/	hoz	/ˈfoj.sɨ/	foice	sickle

→ /s/⟨ss⟩ · ⟨∅, str⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈnwes.tɾa/	nuestra	/ˈnɔ.sɐ/	nossa	our
/ˈbwes.tɾa/	vuestra	/ˈvɔ.sɐ/	vossa	your (pl., familiar, f.)

→ /ʃ/⟨x⟩ · ⟨∅, str⟩ · 2

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈseks.ta/	sexta	/ˈsɛjʃ.tɐ/	sexta	sixth (f.)
/ˈteks.to/	texto	/ˈtɛjʃ.tu/	texto	text

→ /ʃ/⟨⟩ · ⟨∅, str⟩ · 3

outcome

ES IPA	Spanish	PT IPA	Portuguese	English
/ˈseks.ta/	sexta	/ˈsɛjʃ.tɐ/	sexta	sixth (f.)
/ˈteks.to/	texto	/ˈtɛjʃ.tu/	texto	text
/loks/	lox	/lɔkʃ/	lox	lox, cured salmon