A Refactoring of Spanish & Portuguese · companion data

Companion / Part 6

Part 6 — Historical derivations

Sound correspondences

Each section traces a Latin sound to its Spanish and Portuguese outcomes. Open one for the full corpus of cognate pairs behind it.

6.1.1 · 819 pairs

Unstressed /o/ → /o/ & /u/

6.1.2 · 118 pairs

Stressed /o/ → /o/ & /ɔ/

6.1.3 · 315 pairs

/u/ → /u/ & /u/

6.1.4 · 222 pairs

Stressed /o/ that stays → /o/ & /o/

6.2.1 · 604 pairs

/i/ → /i/ & /i/

6.2.2 · 417 pairs

Unstressed /e/ → /e/ & /ɨ/

6.2.3 · 101 pairs

Tonic /e/ → /e/ & /e/

6.3.1 · 1162 pairs

Unstressed /a/ → /a/ & /ɐ/ *(the general case)*

6.4.1 · 25 pairs

The *-ia* / *-io* / *-ario* suffixes: ja → ja & jɐ; jo → jo & ju

6.4.2 · 11 pairs

The ⟨gua⟩ / ⟨cua⟩ cluster: wa → wa & wɐ

6.5.1 · 22 pairs

/ɔ/ → /we/ & /ɔ/: Portuguese stays open

6.5.2 · 20 pairs

/ɔ/ → /we/ & /o/: metaphony closes the masculine -o

6.6.1 · 27 pairs

/ɛ/ → /je/ & /ɛ/

6.6.2 · 26 pairs

Where Spanish did not diphthongize: /ɛ/ → /e/ & /ɛ/

6.7.1 · 19 pairs

/aw/ → /o/ & /ow/

6.8.1 · 240 pairs

/an/ → /an/ & /ɐ̃/

6.8.2 · 12 pairs

/am/ → /am/ & /ɐ̃/

6.8.3 · 21 pairs

/an/ (before velar) → /aŋ/ & /ɐ̃/

6.8.4 · 9 pairs

The *-ão* convergence: *-ción/-ção*, /on/ → /ion/ & /ɐ̃w/

6.9.1 · 58 pairs

/en/ → /en/ & /ẽ/

6.9.2 · 36 pairs

Stressed /ɛn/ → /jen/ & /ẽ/ (Spanish diphthong)

6.9.3 · 29 pairs

/in/ → /in/ & /ĩ/

6.10.1 · 36 pairs

/ɛn/ → /jen/ & /ẽ/

6.11.1 · 42 pairs

/on/ → /on/ & /õ/

6.11.2 · 13 pairs

/om/ → /om/ & /õ/

6.11.3 · 6 pairs

Word-final /on/ → /on/ & /ɐ̃w/

6.11.4 · 14 pairs

/un/ → /un/ & /ũ/

6.12.1 · 742 pairs

/ɾ/ → /ɾ/ & /ɾ/

6.12.2 · 289 pairs

/r/ → /ɾ/ & /ɾ/ (clusters and inter-vocalic)

6.12.3 · 1 pairs

Coda /r/ → /r/ & /ɾ/ (Spanish trill, Portuguese tap)

6.12.4 · 93 pairs

Word-initial strong /r/ → /r/ & /ʁ/

6.13.1 · 18 pairs

/rr/ → /r/ & /ʁ/

6.14.1 · 433 pairs

/m/ → /m/ & /m/

6.15.1 · 315 pairs

/n/ → /n/ & /n/

6.15.2 · 23 pairs

The -ino/-ina family: n → n & ɲ

6.16.1 · 44 pairs

e + n + V: /n/ → /n/ & /∅/ (→ diphthong)

6.16.2 · 44 pairs

o/u + n + V: /n/ → /n/ & /∅/ (→ hiatus)

6.17.1 · 22 pairs

/ɲ/ → /ɲ/ & /ɲ/

6.18.1 · 14 pairs

Latin -MN-: /mn/ → /ɲ/ & /n/

6.18.2 · 6 pairs

Latin -NN-: /nn/ → /ɲ/ & /n/

6.19.1 · 259 pairs

/l/ → /l/ & /l/

6.19.2 · 132 pairs

Word-final /l/ → /l/ & /ɫ/

6.19.3 · 32 pairs

Intervocalic /l/ → /l/ & /∅/

6.19.4 · 132 pairs

Coda /l/ → /l/ & /ɫ/ (before a consonant)

6.20.1 · 25 pairs

/ll/ → /ʎ/ & /l/ (palatalized in Spanish)

6.20.2 · 11 pairs

/ll/ → /l/ & /l/ (simplified in both)

6.21.1 · 20 pairs

/pl/ → /ʎ/ & /ʃ/

6.21.2 · 9 pairs

/kl/ → /ʎ/ & /ʃ/

6.22.1 · 10 pairs

/ʎ/ → /x/ & /ʎ/

6.22.2 · 5 pairs

/kl/ → /x/ & /ʎ/

6.23.1 · 604 pairs

Loanword /j/ → /j/ & /j/

6.24.1 · 642 pairs

/t/ → /t/ & /t/

6.24.2 · 282 pairs

/d/ → /d/ & /d/ (non-intervocalic)

6.24.3 · 496 pairs

Intervocalic /d/ → /ð/ & /d/

6.24.4 · 496 pairs

The *-dad / -dade* family (Latin *-TATE*): /d/ → /ð/ & /d/

6.25.1 · 306 pairs

/p/ → /p/ & /p/

6.25.2 · 235 pairs

b/v merger: β → β & v, b → b & b

6.25.3 · 154 pairs

/f/ → /f/ & /f/ and /f/ → /∅/ & /f/ (before a vowel)

6.26.1 · 487 pairs

/k/ → /k/ & /k/

6.26.2 · 197 pairs

Intervocalic /g/ → /ɣ/ & /g,/ non-intervocalic /g/ → /g/ & /g/

6.26.3 · 27 pairs

Arabic /q/ → /k/ & /k/

6.27.1 · 56 pairs

/h/ → /∅/ & /∅/

6.28.1 · 25 pairs

/kt/ → /tʃ/ & /(j)t/ (diphthong cases)

6.29.1 · 219 pairs

Stable /s/ → /s/ & /s/

6.29.2 · 141 pairs

Intervocalic /s/ → /s/ & /z/

6.30.1 · 145 pairs

Pre-consonantal /s/ → /s/ & /ʃ/

6.31.1 · 77 pairs

/ts/ → /θ/ & /s/

6.32.1 · 24 pairs

Latin /ss/ → /s/ & /s/

6.32.2 · 4 pairs

Arabic /zz/ → /θ/ & /z/

6.33.1 · 72 pairs

/dʒ/ → /x/ & /ʒ/