A Refactoring of Spanish & Portuguese · companion data
X-jota: /x/ ↔ /ʒ, ʎ/
170 cognate pairs
Spanish → Portuguese
/x/⟨j⟩ → /ʒ, ʎ, ʃ/46 pairs
source
/x/
→ /ʒ/⟨j⟩ · in final syllable, before front vowel · 4
outcome
/ʒ/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bhaji | /ˈba.xi/ | bhaji | /ˈba.ʒi/ | bhaji, vegetable fritter |
| shoji | /ˈʃo.xi/ | shoji | /ˈʃo.ʒi/ | shoji |
| emoji | /e.ˈmo.xi/ | emoji | /ɨ.ˈmɔ.ʒi/ | emoji |
| kanji | /ˈkaŋ.xi/ | kanji | /ˈkɐ̃.ʒi/ | kanji |
→ /ʎ/⟨lh⟩ · in final syllable, not before front vowel · 15
outcome
/ʎ/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ajo | /ˈa.xo/ | alho | /ˈa.ʎu/ | garlic |
| ojo | /ˈo.xo/ | olho | /ˈo.ʎu/ | eye |
| hija | /ˈi.xa/ | filha | /ˈfi.ʎɐ/ | daughter |
| hijo | /ˈi.xo/ | filho | /ˈfi.ʎu/ | son |
| mijo | /ˈmi.xo/ | milho | /ˈmi.ʎu/ | millet |
| paja | /ˈpa.xa/ | palha | /ˈpa.ʎɐ/ | straw |
| espejo | /es.ˈpe.xo/ | espelho | /ɨʃ.ˈpe.ʎu/ | mirror |
| consejo | /kon.ˈse.xo/ | conselho | /kõ.ˈse.ʎu/ | counsel, advice |
| trabajar | /tɾa.βa.ˈxaɾ/ | trabalhar | /tɾɐ.bɐ.ˈʎaɾ/ | to work |
| hoja | /ˈo.xa/ | folha | /ˈfɔ.ʎɐ/ | leaf |
| mejor | /me.ˈxoɾ/ | melhor | /mɨ.ˈʎɔɾ/ | better |
| oreja | /o.ˈɾe.xa/ | orelha | /u.ˈɾɛ.ʎɐ/ | ear |
| oveja | /ˈo.βe.xa/ | ovelha | /ˈɔ.vɨ.ʎɐ/ | sheep |
| vieja | /ˈbje.xa/ | velha | /ˈvɛ.ʎɐ/ | old |
| viejo | /ˈbje.xo/ | velho | /ˈvɛ.ʎu/ | old |
→ /ʃ/⟨x⟩ · in final syllable, not before front vowel · 3
outcome
/ʃ/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dejar | /de.ˈxaɾ/ | deixar | /dej.ˈʃaɾ/ | to leave |
| bajo | /ˈba.xo/ | baixo | /ˈbaj.ʃu/ | low, below |
| flojo | /ˈflo.xo/ | frouxo | /ˈfɾow.ʃu/ | loose, slack, lazy |
→ /ʒ/⟨j⟩ · not in final syllable · 24
outcome/ʒ/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| jurar | /xu.ˈɾaɾ/ | jurar | /ʒu.ˈɾaɾ/ | to swear |
| justa | /ˈxus.ta/ | justa | /ˈʒuʃ.tɐ/ | just, right (fem) |
| justo | /ˈxus.to/ | justo | /ˈʒuʃ.tu/ | just |
| jurada | /xu.ˈɾa.ða/ | jurada | /ʒu.ˈɾa.dɐ/ | sworn (feminine) |
| jurado | /xu.ˈɾa.ðo/ | jurado | /ʒu.ˈɾa.du/ | sworn, juror |
| jurador | /xu.ɾa.ˈðoɾ/ | jurador | /ʒu.ɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | swearer, juror |
| joven | /ˈxo.βen/ | jovem | /ˈʒɔ.vɐ̃j/ | young person |
| junta | /ˈxun.ta/ | junta | /ˈʒũ.tɐ/ | assembly, council |
| junto | /ˈxun.to/ | junto | /ˈʒũ.tu/ | joined, together |
| jurante | /xu.ˈɾan.te/ | jurante | /ʒu.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/ | swearing, oath-taker |
| jurando | /xu.ˈɾan.do/ | jurando | /ʒu.ˈɾɐ̃.du/ | swearing (gerund) |
| jaez | /xa.ˈeθ/ | jaez | /ʒɐ.ˈeʒ/ | harness, manner, sort |
| japa | /ˈxa.pa/ | japa | /ˈʒa.pɐ/ | japa, mantra recitation |
| jiva | /ˈxi.βa/ | jiva | /ˈʒi.vɐ/ | jiva |
| jagat | /ˈxa.ɣat/ | jagat | /ʒɐ.ˈgat/ | jagat, the world |
| jarra | /ˈxa.ra/ | jarra | /ˈʒa.ʁɐ/ | jar, pitcher |
| jnana | /ˈxna.na/ | jnana | /ˈʒna.nɐ/ | jnana, knowledge |
| aljaba | /al.ˈxa.βa/ | aljava | /aɫ.ˈʒa.vɐ/ | quiver |
| jalebi | /xa.ˈle.βi/ | jalebi | /ʒɐ.ˈle.bi/ | jalebi, fried sweet |
| pijama | /pi.ˈxa.ma/ | pijama | /pi.ˈʒa.mɐ/ | pyjamas |
| jiu-jitsu | /xi.u.ˈxi.tsu/ | jiu-jitsu | /ʒi.u.ˈʒi.tsu/ | jiu-jitsu |
| jenga | /ˈxeŋ.ga/ | jenga | /ˈʒẽ.gɐ/ | jenga |
| jungla | /ˈxuŋ.gla/ | jângal | /ˈʒɐ̃.gaw/ | jungle |
| japchae | /ˈxap.tʃe/ | japchae | /ʒɐp.ˈʃe/ | japchae, Korean glass noodles |
/x/⟨g⟩ → /ʒ/41 pairs
source/x/
→ /ʒ/⟨g⟩ · 41
outcome/ʒ/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| girar | /xi.ˈɾaɾ/ | girar | /ʒi.ˈɾaɾ/ | to turn, rotate |
| gentil | /xen.ˈtil/ | gentil | /ʒẽ.ˈtiɫ/ | gentle, noble |
| girada | /xi.ˈɾa.ða/ | girada | /ʒi.ˈɾa.dɐ/ | turned (feminine) |
| girado | /xi.ˈɾa.ðo/ | girado | /ʒi.ˈɾa.du/ | turned |
| imagen | /i.ˈma.xen/ | imagem | /i.ˈma.ʒɐ̃j/ | image |
| margen | /ˈmaɾ.xen/ | margem | /ˈmaɾ.ʒɐ̃j/ | margin, edge |
| mágica | /ˈma.xi.ka/ | mágica | /ˈma.ʒi.kɐ/ | magical |
| mágico | /ˈma.xi.ko/ | mágico | /ˈma.ʒi.ku/ | magical |
| origen | /o.ˈɾi.xen/ | origem | /ɔ.ˈɾi.ʒɐ̃j/ | origin |
| página | /ˈpa.xi.na/ | página | /ˈpa.ʒi.nɐ/ | page |
| rígida | /ˈri.xi.ða/ | rígida | /ˈʁi.ʒi.dɐ/ | rigid, stiff (fem) |
| rígido | /ˈri.xi.ðo/ | rígido | /ˈʁi.ʒi.du/ | rigid, stiff |
| virgen | /ˈbiɾ.xen/ | virgem | /ˈviɾ.ʒɐ̃j/ | virgin |
| álgida | /ˈal.xi.ða/ | álgida | /ˈaɫ.ʒi.dɐ/ | algid, peak (fem) |
| álgido | /ˈal.xi.ðo/ | álgido | /ˈaɫ.ʒi.du/ | algid, peak (climactic) |
| frígida | /ˈfɾi.xi.ða/ | frígida | /ˈfɾi.ʒi.dɐ/ | frigid, cold (fem) |
| frígido | /ˈfɾi.xi.ðo/ | frígido | /ˈfɾi.ʒi.du/ | frigid, cold |
| general | /xe.ne.ˈɾal/ | general | /ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾaɫ/ | general (adjective/noun) |
| girador | /xi.ɾa.ˈðoɾ/ | girador | /ʒi.ɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | turner, drawer (of a check) |
| túrgida | /ˈtuɾ.xi.ða/ | túrgida | /ˈtuɾ.ʒi.dɐ/ | turgid, swollen (fem) |
| túrgido | /ˈtuɾ.xi.ðo/ | túrgido | /ˈtuɾ.ʒi.du/ | turgid, swollen |
| generoso | /xe.ne.ˈɾo.so/ | generoso | /ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾo.zu/ | generous |
| argentina | /aɾ.xen.ˈti.na/ | argentina | /ɐɾ.ʒẽ.ˈti.nɐ/ | silvery, Argentine |
| argentino | /aɾ.xen.ˈti.no/ | argentino | /ɐɾ.ʒẽ.ˈti.nu/ | silvery, Argentine |
| germánica | /xeɾ.ˈma.ni.ka/ | germânica | /ʒɨɾ.ˈma.ni.kɐ/ | Germanic |
| germánico | /xeɾ.ˈma.ni.ko/ | germânico | /ʒɨɾ.ˈma.ni.ku/ | Germanic |
| gema | /ˈxe.ma/ | gema | /ˈʒɛ.mɐ/ | gem, yolk |
| gente | /ˈxen.te/ | gente | /ˈʒẽ.tɨ/ | people, folk |
| agente | /a.ˈxen.te/ | agente | /ɐ.ˈʒẽ.tɨ/ | agent |
| lógica | /ˈlo.xi.ka/ | lógica | /ˈlɔ.ʒi.kɐ/ | logic |
| lógico | /ˈlo.xi.ko/ | lógico | /ˈlɔ.ʒi.ku/ | logical |
| gigante | /xi.ˈɣan.te/ | gigante | /ʒi.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | giant |
| girante | /xi.ˈɾan.te/ | girante | /ʒi.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/ | turning |
| regente | /re.ˈxen.te/ | regente | /ʁɨ.ˈʒẽ.tɨ/ | regent, ruler |
| generosa | /xe.ne.ˈɾo.sa/ | generosa | /ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾɔ.zɐ/ | generous |
| vigilante | /bi.xi.ˈlan.te/ | vigilante | /vi.ʒi.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/ | vigilant, watchful |
| girando | /xi.ˈɾan.do/ | girando | /ʒi.ˈɾɐ̃.du/ | turning (gerund) |
| agendo | /a.ˈxen.do/ | agindo | /ɐ.ˈʒẽ.du/ | acting (gerund |
| regendo | /re.ˈxen.do/ | regendo | /ʁɨ.ˈʒẽ.du/ | ruling (archaic |
| álgebra | /ˈal.xe.βɾa/ | álgebra | /ˈaɫ.ʒɨ.bɾɐ/ | algebra |
| hégira | /ˈe.xi.ɾa/ | hégira | /ˈɛ.ʒi.ɾɐ/ | Hijra |
Portuguese → Spanish
/ʒ/⟨g⟩ → /x/41 pairs
source/ʒ/
→ /x/⟨g⟩ · 41
outcome/x/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| girar | /xi.ˈɾaɾ/ | girar | /ʒi.ˈɾaɾ/ | to turn, rotate |
| gentil | /xen.ˈtil/ | gentil | /ʒẽ.ˈtiɫ/ | gentle, noble |
| girada | /xi.ˈɾa.ða/ | girada | /ʒi.ˈɾa.dɐ/ | turned (feminine) |
| girado | /xi.ˈɾa.ðo/ | girado | /ʒi.ˈɾa.du/ | turned |
| imagen | /i.ˈma.xen/ | imagem | /i.ˈma.ʒɐ̃j/ | image |
| margen | /ˈmaɾ.xen/ | margem | /ˈmaɾ.ʒɐ̃j/ | margin, edge |
| mágica | /ˈma.xi.ka/ | mágica | /ˈma.ʒi.kɐ/ | magical |
| mágico | /ˈma.xi.ko/ | mágico | /ˈma.ʒi.ku/ | magical |
| origen | /o.ˈɾi.xen/ | origem | /ɔ.ˈɾi.ʒɐ̃j/ | origin |
| página | /ˈpa.xi.na/ | página | /ˈpa.ʒi.nɐ/ | page |
| rígida | /ˈri.xi.ða/ | rígida | /ˈʁi.ʒi.dɐ/ | rigid, stiff (fem) |
| rígido | /ˈri.xi.ðo/ | rígido | /ˈʁi.ʒi.du/ | rigid, stiff |
| virgen | /ˈbiɾ.xen/ | virgem | /ˈviɾ.ʒɐ̃j/ | virgin |
| álgida | /ˈal.xi.ða/ | álgida | /ˈaɫ.ʒi.dɐ/ | algid, peak (fem) |
| álgido | /ˈal.xi.ðo/ | álgido | /ˈaɫ.ʒi.du/ | algid, peak (climactic) |
| frígida | /ˈfɾi.xi.ða/ | frígida | /ˈfɾi.ʒi.dɐ/ | frigid, cold (fem) |
| frígido | /ˈfɾi.xi.ðo/ | frígido | /ˈfɾi.ʒi.du/ | frigid, cold |
| general | /xe.ne.ˈɾal/ | general | /ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾaɫ/ | general (adjective/noun) |
| girador | /xi.ɾa.ˈðoɾ/ | girador | /ʒi.ɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | turner, drawer (of a check) |
| túrgida | /ˈtuɾ.xi.ða/ | túrgida | /ˈtuɾ.ʒi.dɐ/ | turgid, swollen (fem) |
| túrgido | /ˈtuɾ.xi.ðo/ | túrgido | /ˈtuɾ.ʒi.du/ | turgid, swollen |
| generoso | /xe.ne.ˈɾo.so/ | generoso | /ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾo.zu/ | generous |
| argentina | /aɾ.xen.ˈti.na/ | argentina | /ɐɾ.ʒẽ.ˈti.nɐ/ | silvery, Argentine |
| argentino | /aɾ.xen.ˈti.no/ | argentino | /ɐɾ.ʒẽ.ˈti.nu/ | silvery, Argentine |
| germánica | /xeɾ.ˈma.ni.ka/ | germânica | /ʒɨɾ.ˈma.ni.kɐ/ | Germanic |
| germánico | /xeɾ.ˈma.ni.ko/ | germânico | /ʒɨɾ.ˈma.ni.ku/ | Germanic |
| gema | /ˈxe.ma/ | gema | /ˈʒɛ.mɐ/ | gem, yolk |
| gente | /ˈxen.te/ | gente | /ˈʒẽ.tɨ/ | people, folk |
| agente | /a.ˈxen.te/ | agente | /ɐ.ˈʒẽ.tɨ/ | agent |
| lógica | /ˈlo.xi.ka/ | lógica | /ˈlɔ.ʒi.kɐ/ | logic |
| lógico | /ˈlo.xi.ko/ | lógico | /ˈlɔ.ʒi.ku/ | logical |
| gigante | /xi.ˈɣan.te/ | gigante | /ʒi.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | giant |
| girante | /xi.ˈɾan.te/ | girante | /ʒi.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/ | turning |
| regente | /re.ˈxen.te/ | regente | /ʁɨ.ˈʒẽ.tɨ/ | regent, ruler |
| generosa | /xe.ne.ˈɾo.sa/ | generosa | /ʒɨ.nɨ.ˈɾɔ.zɐ/ | generous |
| vigilante | /bi.xi.ˈlan.te/ | vigilante | /vi.ʒi.ˈlɐ̃.tɨ/ | vigilant, watchful |
| girando | /xi.ˈɾan.do/ | girando | /ʒi.ˈɾɐ̃.du/ | turning (gerund) |
| agendo | /a.ˈxen.do/ | agindo | /ɐ.ˈʒẽ.du/ | acting (gerund |
| regendo | /re.ˈxen.do/ | regendo | /ʁɨ.ˈʒẽ.du/ | ruling (archaic |
| álgebra | /ˈal.xe.βɾa/ | álgebra | /ˈaɫ.ʒɨ.bɾɐ/ | algebra |
| hégira | /ˈe.xi.ɾa/ | hégira | /ˈɛ.ʒi.ɾɐ/ | Hijra |
/ʒ/⟨j⟩ → /x/34 pairs
source/ʒ/
→ /x/⟨j⟩ · 34
outcome/x/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| jurar | /xu.ˈɾaɾ/ | jurar | /ʒu.ˈɾaɾ/ | to swear |
| justa | /ˈxus.ta/ | justa | /ˈʒuʃ.tɐ/ | just, right (fem) |
| justo | /ˈxus.to/ | justo | /ˈʒuʃ.tu/ | just |
| jurada | /xu.ˈɾa.ða/ | jurada | /ʒu.ˈɾa.dɐ/ | sworn (feminine) |
| jurado | /xu.ˈɾa.ðo/ | jurado | /ʒu.ˈɾa.du/ | sworn, juror |
| jurador | /xu.ɾa.ˈðoɾ/ | jurador | /ʒu.ɾɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | swearer, juror |
| joven | /ˈxo.βen/ | jovem | /ˈʒɔ.vɐ̃j/ | young person |
| junta | /ˈxun.ta/ | junta | /ˈʒũ.tɐ/ | assembly, council |
| junto | /ˈxun.to/ | junto | /ˈʒũ.tu/ | joined, together |
| jurante | /xu.ˈɾan.te/ | jurante | /ʒu.ˈɾɐ̃.tɨ/ | swearing, oath-taker |
| jurando | /xu.ˈɾan.do/ | jurando | /ʒu.ˈɾɐ̃.du/ | swearing (gerund) |
| dojo | /ˈdo.xo/ | dojo | /ˈdo.ʒu/ | dojo |
| jaez | /xa.ˈeθ/ | jaez | /ʒɐ.ˈeʒ/ | harness, manner, sort |
| japa | /ˈxa.pa/ | japa | /ˈʒa.pɐ/ | japa, mantra recitation |
| jiva | /ˈxi.βa/ | jiva | /ˈʒi.vɐ/ | jiva |
| rajá | /ra.ˈxa/ | rajá | /ʁɐ.ˈʒa/ | rajah |
| soju | /ˈso.xu/ | soju | /ˈso.ʒu/ | soju |
| bhaji | /ˈba.xi/ | bhaji | /ˈba.ʒi/ | bhaji, vegetable fritter |
| jagat | /ˈxa.ɣat/ | jagat | /ʒɐ.ˈgat/ | jagat, the world |
| jarra | /ˈxa.ra/ | jarra | /ˈʒa.ʁɐ/ | jar, pitcher |
| jnana | /ˈxna.na/ | jnana | /ˈʒna.nɐ/ | jnana, knowledge |
| ninja | /ˈniŋ.xa/ | ninja | /ˈnin.ʒɐ/ | ninja |
| shoji | /ˈʃo.xi/ | shoji | /ˈʃo.ʒi/ | shoji |
| aljaba | /al.ˈxa.βa/ | aljava | /aɫ.ˈʒa.vɐ/ | quiver |
| jalebi | /xa.ˈle.βi/ | jalebi | /ʒɐ.ˈle.bi/ | jalebi, fried sweet |
| pijama | /pi.ˈxa.ma/ | pijama | /pi.ˈʒa.mɐ/ | pyjamas |
| azulejo | /a.θu.ˈle.xo/ | azulejo | /ɐ.zu.ˈle.ʒu/ | ceramic tile, glazed tile |
| maharajá | /ma.a.ɾa.ˈxa/ | marajá | /mɐ.ɾɐ.ˈʒa/ | maharaja |
| jiu-jitsu | /xi.u.ˈxi.tsu/ | jiu-jitsu | /ʒi.u.ˈʒi.tsu/ | jiu-jitsu |
| emoji | /e.ˈmo.xi/ | emoji | /ɨ.ˈmɔ.ʒi/ | emoji |
| jenga | /ˈxeŋ.ga/ | jenga | /ˈʒẽ.gɐ/ | jenga |
| kanji | /ˈkaŋ.xi/ | kanji | /ˈkɐ̃.ʒi/ | kanji |
| jungla | /ˈxuŋ.gla/ | jângal | /ˈʒɐ̃.gaw/ | jungle |
| japchae | /ˈxap.tʃe/ | japchae | /ʒɐp.ˈʃe/ | japchae, Korean glass noodles |
/ʒ/⟨s⟩ → /s/8 pairs
source/ʒ/
→ /s/⟨s⟩ · 8
outcome
/s/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| asna | /ˈas.na/ | asna | /ˈaʒ.nɐ/ | female donkey |
| asno | /ˈas.no/ | asno | /ˈaʒ.nu/ | donkey |
| desde | /ˈdes.de/ | desde | /ˈdeʒ.dɨ/ | from, since |
| mismo | /ˈmis.mo/ | mesmo | /ˈmeʒ.mu/ | same |
| svaha | /ˈsβa.a/ | svaha | /ˈʒva.ɐ/ | svaha, ritual mantra ending |
| glasnost | /glas.ˈnost/ | glasnost | /glɐʒ.ˈnoʃt/ | glasnost |
| saraswati | /sa.ɾas.ˈba.ti/ | saraswati | /sɐ.ɾɐʒ.ˈva.ti/ | Saraswati, Hindu goddess |
| kismet | /kis.ˈmet/ | kismet | /kiʒ.ˈmɛt/ | kismet, destiny |