A Refactoring of Spanish & Portuguese · companion data
G-lenition: /g, ɣ/ ↔ /g/
396 cognate pairs
Spanish → Portuguese
/g/⟨g⟩ → /g/72 pairs
source
/g/
→ /g/⟨g⟩ · 72
outcome/g/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gata | /ˈga.ta/ | gata | /ˈga.tɐ/ | female cat |
| gato | /ˈga.to/ | gato | /ˈga.tu/ | cat |
| gallo | /ˈga.ʎo/ | galo | /ˈga.lu/ | rooster, cock |
| grata | /ˈgɾa.ta/ | grata | /ˈgɾa.tɐ/ | grateful, pleasing (fem) |
| grato | /ˈgɾa.to/ | grato | /ˈgɾa.tu/ | grateful, pleasing |
| grave | /ˈgɾa.βe/ | grave | /ˈgɾa.vɨ/ | heavy, serious |
| gallina | /ga.ˈʎi.na/ | galinha | /gɐ.ˈli.ɲɐ/ | hen |
| globoso | /glo.ˈβo.so/ | globoso | /glu.ˈbo.zu/ | globular |
| guardar | /gwaɾ.ˈðaɾ/ | guardar | /gwɐɾ.ˈdaɾ/ | to keep, save, guard |
| gustoso | /gus.ˈto.so/ | gostoso | /guʃ.ˈto.zu/ | tasty |
| gloriosa | /glo.ˈɾjo.sa/ | gloriosa | /glu.ˈɾjo.zɐ/ | glorious (fem) |
| glorioso | /glo.ˈɾjo.so/ | glorioso | /glu.ˈɾjo.zu/ | glorious |
| gravedad | /gɾa.βe.ˈðað/ | gravidade | /gɾɐ.vi.ˈda.dɨ/ | gravity, seriousness |
| guardada | /gwaɾ.ˈða.ða/ | guardada | /gwɐɾ.ˈda.dɐ/ | guarded, kept (feminine) |
| guardado | /gwaɾ.ˈða.ðo/ | guardado | /gwɐɾ.ˈda.du/ | guarded, kept |
| guardador | /gwaɾ.ða.ˈðoɾ/ | guardador | /gwɐɾ.dɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | guardian, keeper |
| gota | /ˈgo.ta/ | gota | /ˈgɔ.tɐ/ | drop |
| grado | /ˈgɾa.ðo/ | grau | /gɾaw/ | step, degree |
| grano | /ˈgɾa.no/ | grão | /gɾɐ̃w/ | grain |
| gusto | /ˈgus.to/ | gosto | /ˈgoʃ.tu/ | taste |
| gloria | /ˈglo.ɾja/ | glória | /ˈglɔ.ɾjɐ/ | glory |
| grande | /ˈgɾan.de/ | grande | /ˈgɾɐ̃.dɨ/ | big |
| gruesa | /ˈgɾwe.sa/ | grossa | /ˈgɾɔ.sɐ/ | thick, big |
| grueso | /ˈgɾwe.so/ | grosso | /ˈgɾo.su/ | thick, big |
| lengua | /ˈleŋ.gwa/ | língua | /ˈlĩ.gwɐ/ | tongue, language |
| domingo | /do.ˈmiŋ.go/ | domingo | /du.ˈmĩ.gu/ | Sunday |
| globosa | /glo.ˈβo.sa/ | globosa | /glu.ˈbɔ.zɐ/ | globular |
| gustosa | /gus.ˈto.sa/ | gostosa | /guʃ.ˈtɔ.zɐ/ | tasty |
| guardante | /gwaɾ.ˈðan.te/ | guardante | /gwɐɾ.ˈdɐ̃.tɨ/ | guarding |
| luengo | /ˈlweŋ.go/ | longo | /ˈlõ.gu/ | long (archaic) |
| guardando | /gwaɾ.ˈðan.do/ | guardando | /gwɐɾ.ˈdɐ̃.du/ | guarding (gerund) |
| gamba | /ˈgam.ba/ | gamba | /ˈgɐm.bɐ/ | shrimp (re-borrowed from Italian |
| gul | /gul/ | gul | /guɫ/ | gul |
| geta | /ˈge.ta/ | geta | /ˈge.tɐ/ | geta, Japanese clogs |
| gris | /gɾis/ | gris | /gɾiʃ/ | gray |
| guna | /ˈgu.na/ | guna | /ˈgu.nɐ/ | guna, attribute / quality |
| gurú | /gu.ˈɾu/ | guru | /gu.ˈɾu/ | guru |
| durga | /ˈduɾ.ga/ | durga | /ˈduɾ.gɐ/ | Durga, Hindu goddess |
| ganar | /ga.ˈnaɾ/ | ganhar | /gɐ.ˈɲaɾ/ | to gain |
| gohan | /ˈgo.an/ | gohan | /ˈgo.ɐ̃/ | gohan, cooked rice |
| golem | /ˈgo.lem/ | golem | /ˈgo.lẽ/ | golem |
| manga | /ˈmaŋ.ga/ | mangá | /mɐ̃.ˈga/ | manga (Japanese comic) |
| wagyu | /ˈwag.ʝu/ | wagyu | /ˈwag.ju/ | wagyu |
| glitch | /glitʃ/ | glitch | /gliʃ/ | glitch, malfunction |
| gongfu | /goŋ.ˈfu/ | gongfu | /gõ.ˈfu/ | kung fu |
| gulash | /gu.ˈlaʃ/ | gulache | /gu.ˈla.ʃɨ/ | gulash |
| gulash | /gu.ˈlaʃ/ | gulash | /gu.ˈlaʃ/ | gulash |
| pogrom | /po.ˈgɾom/ | pogromo | /pu.ˈgɾo.mu/ | pogrom, organized massacre |
| almagre | /al.ˈma.gɾe/ | almagre | /aɫ.ˈma.gɾɨ/ | red ochre |
| bulgogi | /bul.ˈgo.ɣi/ | bulgogi | /buɫ.ˈgo.gi/ | bulgogi, grilled beef |
| ganesha | /ga.ˈne.ʃa/ | ganesha | /gɐ.ˈne.ʃɐ/ | Ganesha, Hindu deity |
| pogromo | /po.ˈgɾo.mo/ | pogromo | /pu.ˈgɾo.mu/ | pogromo |
| charango | /tʃa.ˈɾan.go/ | charango | /ʃa.ˈɾan.gu/ | charango |
| glasnost | /glas.ˈnost/ | glasnost | /glɐʒ.ˈnoʃt/ | glasnost |
| vairagya | /baj.ˈɾag.ja/ | vairagya | /vɐj.ˈɾa.gjɐ/ | vairagya, dispassion |
| adarga | /a.ˈðaɾ.ga/ | adarga | /ɐ.ˈdaɾ.gɐ/ | small leather shield (archaic / Moorish) |
| gong | /goŋ/ | gong | /gõ/ | gong, struck percussion |
| gong | /goŋ/ | gongo | /ˈgõ.gu/ | gong, struck percussion |
| dango | /ˈdaŋ.go/ | dango | /ˈdɐ̃.gu/ | dango, rice dumpling |
| ganga | /ˈgaŋ.ga/ | ganga | /ˈgɐ̃.gɐ/ | Ganga, Hindu goddess of the Ganges |
| ganso | /ˈgan.so/ | ganso | /ˈgɐ̃.su/ | goose |
| gyoza | /ˈgjo.θa/ | gyoza | /ˈgjɔ.zɐ/ | gyoza, fried dumpling |
| jenga | /ˈxeŋ.ga/ | jenga | /ˈʒẽ.gɐ/ | jenga |
| mango | /ˈmaŋ.go/ | manga | /ˈmɐ̃.gɐ/ | mango |
| hangul | /ˈaŋ.gul/ | hangul | /ˈɐ̃.guɫ/ | hangul |
| jungla | /ˈxuŋ.gla/ | jângal | /ˈʒɐ̃.gaw/ | jungle |
| pogrom | /po.ˈgɾom/ | pogrom | /pu.ˈgɾɔm/ | pogrom, organized massacre |
| wigwam | /wig.ˈwam/ | wigwam | /wi.ˈgwɐ̃/ | wigwam |
| algodón | /al.go.ˈðon/ | algodão | /aɫ.gu.ˈdɐ̃w/ | cotton |
| pogromo | /po.ˈgɾo.mo/ | pogrom | /pu.ˈgɾɔm/ | pogromo |
| bungalow | /buŋ.ˈga.lo/ | bangalo | /bɐ̃.ga.ˈlo/ | bungalow, single-story house |
| guacamole | /gwa.ka.ˈmo.le/ | guacamole | /gwɐ.kɐ.ˈmɔ.lɨ/ | guacamole |
/ɣ/⟨g⟩ → /g/130 pairs
source
/ɣ/
→ /g/⟨g⟩ · 130
outcome/g/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| agro | /ˈa.ɣɾo/ | agro | /ˈa.gɾu/ | field, agriculture |
| algo | /ˈal.ɣo/ | algo | /ˈaɫ.gu/ | something |
| higo | /ˈi.ɣo/ | figo | /ˈfi.gu/ | fig |
| lago | /ˈla.ɣo/ | lago | /ˈla.gu/ | lake |
| aguda | /a.ˈɣu.ða/ | aguda | /ɐ.ˈgu.dɐ/ | sharp |
| agudo | /a.ˈɣu.ðo/ | agudo | /ɐ.ˈgu.du/ | sharp |
| amiga | /a.ˈmi.ɣa/ | amiga | /ɐ.ˈmi.gɐ/ | friend |
| amigo | /a.ˈmi.ɣo/ | amigo | /ɐ.ˈmi.gu/ | friend |
| digno | /ˈdiɣ.no/ | digno | /ˈdig.nu/ | worthy |
| jugar | /xu.ˈɣaɾ/ | jogar | /ʒu.ˈgaɾ/ | to play |
| larga | /ˈlaɾ.ɣa/ | larga | /ˈlaɾ.gɐ/ | wide, long |
| largo | /ˈlaɾ.ɣo/ | largo | /ˈlaɾ.gu/ | long (FALSE FRIEND with Portuguese: Spanish 'largo' = long, Portuguese 'largo' = wide) |
| legal | /le.ˈɣal/ | legal | /lɨ.ˈgaɫ/ | legal |
| llaga | /ˈʎa.ɣa/ | chaga | /ˈʃa.gɐ/ | wound |
| lugar | /lu.ˈɣaɾ/ | lugar | /lu.ˈgaɾ/ | place |
| magna | /ˈmaɣ.na/ | magna | /ˈmag.nɐ/ | great, magnificent (fem) |
| magno | /ˈmaɣ.no/ | magno | /ˈmag.nu/ | great, large |
| magra | /ˈma.ɣɾa/ | magra | /ˈma.gɾɐ/ | lean (meat) |
| magro | /ˈma.ɣɾo/ | magro | /ˈma.gɾu/ | lean (meat) |
| negar | /ne.ˈɣaɾ/ | negar | /nɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | to deny |
| negra | /ˈne.ɣɾa/ | negra | /ˈne.gɾɐ/ | black |
| negro | /ˈne.ɣɾo/ | negro | /ˈne.gɾu/ | black |
| pagar | /pa.ˈɣaɾ/ | pagar | /pɐ.ˈgaɾ/ | to pay |
| rogar | /ro.ˈɣaɾ/ | rogar | /ʁu.ˈgaɾ/ | to beg, plead |
| sagaz | /sa.ˈɣaθ/ | sagaz | /sɐ.ˈgaʃ/ | sagacious, shrewd |
| segar | /se.ˈɣaɾ/ | segar | /sɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | to harvest, mow |
| signo | /ˈsiɣ.no/ | signo | /ˈsig.nu/ | sign |
| vagar | /ba.ˈɣaɾ/ | vagar | /vɐ.ˈgaɾ/ | to wander, roam |
| verga | /ˈbeɾ.ɣa/ | verga | /ˈveɾ.gɐ/ | rod, switch |
| vigor | /bi.ˈɣoɾ/ | vigor | /vi.ˈgoɾ/ | vigor, strength |
| agosto | /a.ˈɣos.to/ | agosto | /ɐ.ˈgoʃ.tu/ | August |
| amarga | /a.ˈmaɾ.ɣa/ | amarga | /ɐ.ˈmaɾ.gɐ/ | bitter (fem.) |
| amargo | /a.ˈmaɾ.ɣo/ | amargo | /ɐ.ˈmaɾ.gu/ | bitter (masc.) |
| figura | /fi.ˈɣu.ɾa/ | figura | /fi.ˈgu.ɾɐ/ | figure, shape |
| frugal | /fɾu.ˈɣal/ | frugal | /fɾu.ˈgaɫ/ | frugal |
| legada | /le.ˈɣa.ða/ | legada | /lɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | tied (feminine) |
| legado | /le.ˈɣa.ðo/ | legado | /lɨ.ˈga.du/ | tied, bequest, legacy |
| llegar | /ʎe.ˈɣaɾ/ | chegar | /ʃɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | to arrive |
| negada | /ne.ˈɣa.ða/ | negada | /nɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | denied (feminine) |
| negado | /ne.ˈɣa.ðo/ | negado | /nɨ.ˈga.du/ | denied |
| pagada | /pa.ˈɣa.ða/ | pagada | /pɐ.ˈga.dɐ/ | paid (feminine) |
| pagado | /pa.ˈɣa.ðo/ | pagado | /pɐ.ˈga.du/ | paid |
| rogada | /ro.ˈɣa.ða/ | rogada | /ʁu.ˈga.dɐ/ | asked, begged (feminine) |
| rogado | /ro.ˈɣa.ðo/ | rogado | /ʁu.ˈga.du/ | asked, begged |
| rugoso | /ru.ˈɣo.so/ | rugoso | /ʁu.ˈgo.zu/ | wrinkled, rugged |
| segada | /se.ˈɣa.ða/ | segada | /sɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | mowed, harvested (feminine) |
| segado | /se.ˈɣa.ðo/ | segado | /sɨ.ˈga.du/ | mowed, harvested |
| segura | /se.ˈɣu.ɾa/ | segura | /sɨ.ˈgu.ɾɐ/ | sure, safe |
| seguro | /se.ˈɣu.ɾo/ | seguro | /sɨ.ˈgu.ɾu/ | sure, safe |
| vagada | /ba.ˈɣa.ða/ | vagada | /vɐ.ˈga.dɐ/ | wandered (feminine) |
| vagado | /ba.ˈɣa.ðo/ | vagado | /vɐ.ˈga.du/ | wandered |
| antigua | /an.ˈti.ɣwa/ | antiga | /ɐ̃.ˈti.gɐ/ | ancient (feminine) |
| antiguo | /an.ˈti.ɣwo/ | antigo | /ɐ̃.ˈti.gu/ | ancient |
| conmigo | /kon.ˈmi.ɣo/ | comigo | /ku.ˈmi.gu/ | with me |
| consigo | /kon.ˈsi.ɣo/ | consigo | /kõ.ˈsi.gu/ | with him/herself |
| contigo | /kon.ˈti.ɣo/ | contigo | /kõ.ˈti.gu/ | with you |
| hormiga | /oɾ.ˈmi.ɣa/ | formiga | /fuɾ.ˈmi.gɐ/ | ant |
| iglesia | /i.ˈɣle.sja/ | igreja | /i.ˈgɾe.ʒɐ/ | church |
| legador | /le.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | legador | /lɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | binder, bequeather |
| llegada | /ʎe.ˈɣa.ða/ | chegada | /ʃɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | arrival, arrived (feminine) |
| lágrima | /ˈla.ɣɾi.ma/ | lágrima | /ˈla.gɾi.mɐ/ | tear |
| mendigo | /men.ˈdi.ɣo/ | mendigo | /mẽ.ˈdi.gu/ | beggar |
| negador | /ne.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | negador | /nɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | denier |
| pagador | /pa.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | pagador | /pɐ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | payer |
| rogador | /ro.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | rogador | /ʁu.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | asker, supplicant |
| segador | /se.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | segador | /sɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | reaper, harvester |
| vagador | /ba.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | vagador | /vɐ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | wanderer (rare) |
| alargador | /a.laɾ.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | alargador | /ɐ.lɐɾ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | lengthener, extender |
| preguntar | /pɾe.ɣun.ˈtaɾ/ | perguntar | /pɨɾ.gũ.ˈtaɾ/ | to ask |
| agosta | /a.ˈɣos.ta/ | agosta | /ɐ.ˈgoʃ.tɐ/ | august (feminine, archaic/poetic) |
| llegado | /ʎe.ˈɣa.ðo/ | chegado | /ʃɨ.ˈga.du/ | arrived (masculine past participle) |
| fuego | /ˈfwe.ɣo/ | fogo | /ˈfo.gu/ | fire |
| juego | /ˈxwe.ɣo/ | jogo | /ˈʒo.gu/ | game |
| luego | /ˈlwe.ɣo/ | logo | /ˈlɔ.gu/ | soon, then |
| regla | /ˈre.ɣla/ | regra | /ˈʁɛ.gɾɐ/ | rule |
| alguno | /al.ˈɣu.no/ | algum | /aɫ.ˈgũ/ | some |
| pagana | /pa.ˈɣa.na/ | pagana | /pɐ.ˈgɐ.nɐ/ | pagan |
| pagano | /pa.ˈɣa.no/ | pagano | /pɐ.ˈgɐ.nu/ | pagan |
| rugosa | /ru.ˈɣo.sa/ | rugosa | /ʁu.ˈgɔ.zɐ/ | wrinkled, rugged (fem) |
| gigante | /xi.ˈɣan.te/ | gigante | /ʒi.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | giant |
| negante | /ne.ˈɣan.te/ | negante | /nɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | denying |
| pagante | /pa.ˈɣan.te/ | pagante | /pɐ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | paying, payer |
| rogante | /ro.ˈɣan.te/ | rogante | /ʁu.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | asking, petitioner |
| segunda | /se.ˈɣun.da/ | segunda | /sɨ.ˈgũn.dɐ/ | second |
| segundo | /se.ˈɣun.do/ | segundo | /sɨ.ˈgũn.du/ | second |
| vagante | /ba.ˈɣan.te/ | vagante | /vɐ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | wandering, vagrant |
| elegante | /e.le.ˈɣan.te/ | elegante | /ɨ.lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | elegant |
| algún | /al.ˈɣun/ | algum | /aɫ.ˈgũ/ | some (apocopated) |
| negando | /ne.ˈɣan.do/ | negando | /nɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | denying (gerund) |
| pagando | /pa.ˈɣan.do/ | pagando | /pɐ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | paying (gerund) |
| rogando | /ro.ˈɣan.do/ | rogando | /ʁu.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | asking, begging (gerund) |
| segando | /se.ˈɣan.do/ | segando | /sɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | mowing, harvesting (gerund) |
| vagando | /ba.ˈɣan.do/ | vagando | /vɐ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | wandering (gerund) |
| alargando | /a.laɾ.ˈɣan.do/ | alargando | /ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | lengthening (gerund) |
| legando | /le.ˈɣan.do/ | legando | /lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | binding (gerund |
| legante | /le.ˈɣan.te/ | legante | /lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | binding (rare |
| agá | /a.ˈɣa/ | agá | /ɐ.ˈga/ | agá |
| daga | /ˈda.ɣa/ | daga | /ˈda.gɐ/ | dagger |
| fugu | /ˈfu.ɣu/ | fugu | /ˈfu.gu/ | fugu, pufferfish |
| iglú | /i.ˈɣlu/ | iglu | /i.ˈglu/ | igloo |
| raga | /ˈra.ɣa/ | raga | /ˈʁa.gɐ/ | raga |
| sago | /ˈsa.ɣo/ | sago | /ˈsa.gu/ | sago, palm starch |
| sagu | /sa.ˈɣu/ | sagu | /sɐ.ˈgu/ | sagú, palm starch |
| yuga | /ˈju.ɣa/ | yuga | /ˈju.gɐ/ | yuga, cosmic age |
| aegyo | /eɣ.ˈjo/ | aegyo | /ɨg.ˈjo/ | aegyo |
| jagat | /ˈxa.ɣat/ | jagat | /ʒɐ.ˈgat/ | jagat, the world |
| lager | /ˈla.ɣeɾ/ | lager | /ˈla.gɨɾ/ | lager, bottom-fermented beer |
| ohagi | /o.ˈa.ɣi/ | ohagi | /u.ˈa.gi/ | ohagi, sweet rice ball |
| yogur | /ʝo.ˈɣuɾ/ | iogurte | /jɔ.ˈguɾ.tɨ/ | yogurt |
| iguana | /iɣ.ˈwa.na/ | iguana | /ig.ˈwa.nɐ/ | iguana |
| ikigai | /i.ki.ˈɣa.i/ | ikigai | /i.ki.ˈga.i/ | ikigai, "reason for being" |
| jaguar | /xaɣ.ˈwaɾ/ | jaguar | /ʒɐg.ˈwaɾ/ | jaguar |
| jjigae | /ˈtʃi.ɣe/ | jjigae | /ˈʃi.gɨ/ | jjigae, Korean stew |
| nigiri | /ni.ˈɣi.ɾi/ | nigiri | /ni.ˈgi.ɾi/ | nigiri, hand-pressed sushi |
| rakugo | /ˈra.ku.ɣo/ | rakugo | /ˈʁa.ku.gu/ | rakugo, comic storytelling |
| bulgogi | /bul.ˈgo.ɣi/ | bulgogi | /buɫ.ˈgo.gi/ | bulgogi, grilled beef |
| karaage | /ka.ˈɾa.a.ɣe/ | karaage | /kɐ.ˈɾa.ɐ.gɨ/ | karaage |
| onigiri | /o.ni.ˈɣi.ɾi/ | onigiri | /u.ni.ˈgi.ɾi/ | onigiri |
| origami | /o.ɾi.ˈɣa.mi/ | origami | /u.ɾi.ˈga.mi/ | origami |
| wagashi | /wa.ˈɣa.ʃi/ | wagashi | /wɐ.ˈga.ʃi/ | wagashi |
| kakigori | /ka.ˈki.ɣo.ɾi/ | kakigori | /kɐ.ˈki.gu.ɾi/ | kakigori, shaved ice |
| burgo | /ˈbuɾ.ɣo/ | burgo | /ˈbuɾ.gu/ | town (archaic, retained in placenames) |
| sago | /ˈsa.ɣo/ | sagu | /sɐ.ˈgu/ | sago, palm starch |
| sagu | /sa.ˈɣu/ | sago | /ˈsa.gu/ | sagú, palm starch |
| yoga | /ˈʝo.ɣa/ | ioga | /ˈjɔ.gɐ/ | yoga |
| shogi | /ˈʃo.ɣi/ | shogi | /ˈʃɔ.gi/ | shogi, Japanese chess |
| qigong | /tʃi.ˈɣoŋ/ | qigong | /tʃi.ˈgõ/ | qigong |
| shogun | /ʃo.ˈɣun/ | xogum | /ʃu.ˈgũ/ | shogun, military dictator |
| tregua | /ˈtɾeɣ.wa/ | trégua | /ˈtɾɛ.gwɐ/ | truce |
| pierogi | /pje.ˈɾo.ɣi/ | pierogi | /pjɨ.ˈɾɔ.gi/ | pierogi |
Portuguese → Spanish
/g/⟨g⟩ → /g, ɣ/190 pairs
source/g/
→ /g/⟨g⟩ · word initial · 49
outcome/g/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gata | /ˈga.ta/ | gata | /ˈga.tɐ/ | female cat |
| gato | /ˈga.to/ | gato | /ˈga.tu/ | cat |
| gallo | /ˈga.ʎo/ | galo | /ˈga.lu/ | rooster, cock |
| grata | /ˈgɾa.ta/ | grata | /ˈgɾa.tɐ/ | grateful, pleasing (fem) |
| grato | /ˈgɾa.to/ | grato | /ˈgɾa.tu/ | grateful, pleasing |
| grave | /ˈgɾa.βe/ | grave | /ˈgɾa.vɨ/ | heavy, serious |
| gallina | /ga.ˈʎi.na/ | galinha | /gɐ.ˈli.ɲɐ/ | hen |
| globoso | /glo.ˈβo.so/ | globoso | /glu.ˈbo.zu/ | globular |
| guardar | /gwaɾ.ˈðaɾ/ | guardar | /gwɐɾ.ˈdaɾ/ | to keep, save, guard |
| gustoso | /gus.ˈto.so/ | gostoso | /guʃ.ˈto.zu/ | tasty |
| gloriosa | /glo.ˈɾjo.sa/ | gloriosa | /glu.ˈɾjo.zɐ/ | glorious (fem) |
| glorioso | /glo.ˈɾjo.so/ | glorioso | /glu.ˈɾjo.zu/ | glorious |
| gravedad | /gɾa.βe.ˈðað/ | gravidade | /gɾɐ.vi.ˈda.dɨ/ | gravity, seriousness |
| guardada | /gwaɾ.ˈða.ða/ | guardada | /gwɐɾ.ˈda.dɐ/ | guarded, kept (feminine) |
| guardado | /gwaɾ.ˈða.ðo/ | guardado | /gwɐɾ.ˈda.du/ | guarded, kept |
| guardador | /gwaɾ.ða.ˈðoɾ/ | guardador | /gwɐɾ.dɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | guardian, keeper |
| gota | /ˈgo.ta/ | gota | /ˈgɔ.tɐ/ | drop |
| grado | /ˈgɾa.ðo/ | grau | /gɾaw/ | step, degree |
| grano | /ˈgɾa.no/ | grão | /gɾɐ̃w/ | grain |
| gusto | /ˈgus.to/ | gosto | /ˈgoʃ.tu/ | taste |
| gloria | /ˈglo.ɾja/ | glória | /ˈglɔ.ɾjɐ/ | glory |
| grande | /ˈgɾan.de/ | grande | /ˈgɾɐ̃.dɨ/ | big |
| gruesa | /ˈgɾwe.sa/ | grossa | /ˈgɾɔ.sɐ/ | thick, big |
| grueso | /ˈgɾwe.so/ | grosso | /ˈgɾo.su/ | thick, big |
| globosa | /glo.ˈβo.sa/ | globosa | /glu.ˈbɔ.zɐ/ | globular |
| gustosa | /gus.ˈto.sa/ | gostosa | /guʃ.ˈtɔ.zɐ/ | tasty |
| guardante | /gwaɾ.ˈðan.te/ | guardante | /gwɐɾ.ˈdɐ̃.tɨ/ | guarding |
| guardando | /gwaɾ.ˈðan.do/ | guardando | /gwɐɾ.ˈdɐ̃.du/ | guarding (gerund) |
| gamba | /ˈgam.ba/ | gamba | /ˈgɐm.bɐ/ | shrimp (re-borrowed from Italian |
| gul | /gul/ | gul | /guɫ/ | gul |
| geta | /ˈge.ta/ | geta | /ˈge.tɐ/ | geta, Japanese clogs |
| gris | /gɾis/ | gris | /gɾiʃ/ | gray |
| guna | /ˈgu.na/ | guna | /ˈgu.nɐ/ | guna, attribute / quality |
| gurú | /gu.ˈɾu/ | guru | /gu.ˈɾu/ | guru |
| ganar | /ga.ˈnaɾ/ | ganhar | /gɐ.ˈɲaɾ/ | to gain |
| gohan | /ˈgo.an/ | gohan | /ˈgo.ɐ̃/ | gohan, cooked rice |
| golem | /ˈgo.lem/ | golem | /ˈgo.lẽ/ | golem |
| glitch | /glitʃ/ | glitch | /gliʃ/ | glitch, malfunction |
| gongfu | /goŋ.ˈfu/ | gongfu | /gõ.ˈfu/ | kung fu |
| gulash | /gu.ˈlaʃ/ | gulache | /gu.ˈla.ʃɨ/ | gulash |
| gulash | /gu.ˈlaʃ/ | gulash | /gu.ˈlaʃ/ | gulash |
| ganesha | /ga.ˈne.ʃa/ | ganesha | /gɐ.ˈne.ʃɐ/ | Ganesha, Hindu deity |
| glasnost | /glas.ˈnost/ | glasnost | /glɐʒ.ˈnoʃt/ | glasnost |
| gong | /goŋ/ | gong | /gõ/ | gong, struck percussion |
| gong | /goŋ/ | gongo | /ˈgõ.gu/ | gong, struck percussion |
| ganga | /ˈgaŋ.ga/ | ganga | /ˈgɐ̃.gɐ/ | Ganga, Hindu goddess of the Ganges |
| ganso | /ˈgan.so/ | ganso | /ˈgɐ̃.su/ | goose |
| gyoza | /ˈgjo.θa/ | gyoza | /ˈgjɔ.zɐ/ | gyoza, fried dumpling |
| guacamole | /gwa.ka.ˈmo.le/ | guacamole | /gwɐ.kɐ.ˈmɔ.lɨ/ | guacamole |
→ /g/⟨g⟩ · not word initial, after nasal vowel · 11
outcome/g/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lengua | /ˈleŋ.gwa/ | língua | /ˈlĩ.gwɐ/ | tongue, language |
| domingo | /do.ˈmiŋ.go/ | domingo | /du.ˈmĩ.gu/ | Sunday |
| luengo | /ˈlweŋ.go/ | longo | /ˈlõ.gu/ | long (archaic) |
| manga | /ˈmaŋ.ga/ | mangá | /mɐ̃.ˈga/ | manga (Japanese comic) |
| dango | /ˈdaŋ.go/ | dango | /ˈdɐ̃.gu/ | dango, rice dumpling |
| ganga | /ˈgaŋ.ga/ | ganga | /ˈgɐ̃.gɐ/ | Ganga, Hindu goddess of the Ganges |
| jenga | /ˈxeŋ.ga/ | jenga | /ˈʒẽ.gɐ/ | jenga |
| mango | /ˈmaŋ.go/ | manga | /ˈmɐ̃.gɐ/ | mango |
| hangul | /ˈaŋ.gul/ | hangul | /ˈɐ̃.guɫ/ | hangul |
| jungla | /ˈxuŋ.gla/ | jângal | /ˈʒɐ̃.gaw/ | jungle |
| bungalow | /buŋ.ˈga.lo/ | bangalo | /bɐ̃.ga.ˈlo/ | bungalow, single-story house |
→ /ɣ/⟨g⟩ · not word initial, not after nasal vowel · 130
outcome/ɣ/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| agro | /ˈa.ɣɾo/ | agro | /ˈa.gɾu/ | field, agriculture |
| algo | /ˈal.ɣo/ | algo | /ˈaɫ.gu/ | something |
| higo | /ˈi.ɣo/ | figo | /ˈfi.gu/ | fig |
| lago | /ˈla.ɣo/ | lago | /ˈla.gu/ | lake |
| aguda | /a.ˈɣu.ða/ | aguda | /ɐ.ˈgu.dɐ/ | sharp |
| agudo | /a.ˈɣu.ðo/ | agudo | /ɐ.ˈgu.du/ | sharp |
| amiga | /a.ˈmi.ɣa/ | amiga | /ɐ.ˈmi.gɐ/ | friend |
| amigo | /a.ˈmi.ɣo/ | amigo | /ɐ.ˈmi.gu/ | friend |
| digno | /ˈdiɣ.no/ | digno | /ˈdig.nu/ | worthy |
| jugar | /xu.ˈɣaɾ/ | jogar | /ʒu.ˈgaɾ/ | to play |
| larga | /ˈlaɾ.ɣa/ | larga | /ˈlaɾ.gɐ/ | wide, long |
| largo | /ˈlaɾ.ɣo/ | largo | /ˈlaɾ.gu/ | long (FALSE FRIEND with Portuguese: Spanish 'largo' = long, Portuguese 'largo' = wide) |
| legal | /le.ˈɣal/ | legal | /lɨ.ˈgaɫ/ | legal |
| llaga | /ˈʎa.ɣa/ | chaga | /ˈʃa.gɐ/ | wound |
| lugar | /lu.ˈɣaɾ/ | lugar | /lu.ˈgaɾ/ | place |
| magna | /ˈmaɣ.na/ | magna | /ˈmag.nɐ/ | great, magnificent (fem) |
| magno | /ˈmaɣ.no/ | magno | /ˈmag.nu/ | great, large |
| magra | /ˈma.ɣɾa/ | magra | /ˈma.gɾɐ/ | lean (meat) |
| magro | /ˈma.ɣɾo/ | magro | /ˈma.gɾu/ | lean (meat) |
| negar | /ne.ˈɣaɾ/ | negar | /nɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | to deny |
| negra | /ˈne.ɣɾa/ | negra | /ˈne.gɾɐ/ | black |
| negro | /ˈne.ɣɾo/ | negro | /ˈne.gɾu/ | black |
| pagar | /pa.ˈɣaɾ/ | pagar | /pɐ.ˈgaɾ/ | to pay |
| rogar | /ro.ˈɣaɾ/ | rogar | /ʁu.ˈgaɾ/ | to beg, plead |
| sagaz | /sa.ˈɣaθ/ | sagaz | /sɐ.ˈgaʃ/ | sagacious, shrewd |
| segar | /se.ˈɣaɾ/ | segar | /sɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | to harvest, mow |
| signo | /ˈsiɣ.no/ | signo | /ˈsig.nu/ | sign |
| vagar | /ba.ˈɣaɾ/ | vagar | /vɐ.ˈgaɾ/ | to wander, roam |
| verga | /ˈbeɾ.ɣa/ | verga | /ˈveɾ.gɐ/ | rod, switch |
| vigor | /bi.ˈɣoɾ/ | vigor | /vi.ˈgoɾ/ | vigor, strength |
| agosto | /a.ˈɣos.to/ | agosto | /ɐ.ˈgoʃ.tu/ | August |
| amarga | /a.ˈmaɾ.ɣa/ | amarga | /ɐ.ˈmaɾ.gɐ/ | bitter (fem.) |
| amargo | /a.ˈmaɾ.ɣo/ | amargo | /ɐ.ˈmaɾ.gu/ | bitter (masc.) |
| figura | /fi.ˈɣu.ɾa/ | figura | /fi.ˈgu.ɾɐ/ | figure, shape |
| frugal | /fɾu.ˈɣal/ | frugal | /fɾu.ˈgaɫ/ | frugal |
| legada | /le.ˈɣa.ða/ | legada | /lɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | tied (feminine) |
| legado | /le.ˈɣa.ðo/ | legado | /lɨ.ˈga.du/ | tied, bequest, legacy |
| llegar | /ʎe.ˈɣaɾ/ | chegar | /ʃɨ.ˈgaɾ/ | to arrive |
| negada | /ne.ˈɣa.ða/ | negada | /nɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | denied (feminine) |
| negado | /ne.ˈɣa.ðo/ | negado | /nɨ.ˈga.du/ | denied |
| pagada | /pa.ˈɣa.ða/ | pagada | /pɐ.ˈga.dɐ/ | paid (feminine) |
| pagado | /pa.ˈɣa.ðo/ | pagado | /pɐ.ˈga.du/ | paid |
| rogada | /ro.ˈɣa.ða/ | rogada | /ʁu.ˈga.dɐ/ | asked, begged (feminine) |
| rogado | /ro.ˈɣa.ðo/ | rogado | /ʁu.ˈga.du/ | asked, begged |
| rugoso | /ru.ˈɣo.so/ | rugoso | /ʁu.ˈgo.zu/ | wrinkled, rugged |
| segada | /se.ˈɣa.ða/ | segada | /sɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | mowed, harvested (feminine) |
| segado | /se.ˈɣa.ðo/ | segado | /sɨ.ˈga.du/ | mowed, harvested |
| segura | /se.ˈɣu.ɾa/ | segura | /sɨ.ˈgu.ɾɐ/ | sure, safe |
| seguro | /se.ˈɣu.ɾo/ | seguro | /sɨ.ˈgu.ɾu/ | sure, safe |
| vagada | /ba.ˈɣa.ða/ | vagada | /vɐ.ˈga.dɐ/ | wandered (feminine) |
| vagado | /ba.ˈɣa.ðo/ | vagado | /vɐ.ˈga.du/ | wandered |
| antigua | /an.ˈti.ɣwa/ | antiga | /ɐ̃.ˈti.gɐ/ | ancient (feminine) |
| antiguo | /an.ˈti.ɣwo/ | antigo | /ɐ̃.ˈti.gu/ | ancient |
| conmigo | /kon.ˈmi.ɣo/ | comigo | /ku.ˈmi.gu/ | with me |
| consigo | /kon.ˈsi.ɣo/ | consigo | /kõ.ˈsi.gu/ | with him/herself |
| contigo | /kon.ˈti.ɣo/ | contigo | /kõ.ˈti.gu/ | with you |
| hormiga | /oɾ.ˈmi.ɣa/ | formiga | /fuɾ.ˈmi.gɐ/ | ant |
| iglesia | /i.ˈɣle.sja/ | igreja | /i.ˈgɾe.ʒɐ/ | church |
| legador | /le.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | legador | /lɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | binder, bequeather |
| llegada | /ʎe.ˈɣa.ða/ | chegada | /ʃɨ.ˈga.dɐ/ | arrival, arrived (feminine) |
| lágrima | /ˈla.ɣɾi.ma/ | lágrima | /ˈla.gɾi.mɐ/ | tear |
| mendigo | /men.ˈdi.ɣo/ | mendigo | /mẽ.ˈdi.gu/ | beggar |
| negador | /ne.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | negador | /nɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | denier |
| pagador | /pa.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | pagador | /pɐ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | payer |
| rogador | /ro.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | rogador | /ʁu.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | asker, supplicant |
| segador | /se.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | segador | /sɨ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | reaper, harvester |
| vagador | /ba.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | vagador | /vɐ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | wanderer (rare) |
| alargador | /a.laɾ.ɣa.ˈðoɾ/ | alargador | /ɐ.lɐɾ.gɐ.ˈdoɾ/ | lengthener, extender |
| preguntar | /pɾe.ɣun.ˈtaɾ/ | perguntar | /pɨɾ.gũ.ˈtaɾ/ | to ask |
| agosta | /a.ˈɣos.ta/ | agosta | /ɐ.ˈgoʃ.tɐ/ | august (feminine, archaic/poetic) |
| llegado | /ʎe.ˈɣa.ðo/ | chegado | /ʃɨ.ˈga.du/ | arrived (masculine past participle) |
| fuego | /ˈfwe.ɣo/ | fogo | /ˈfo.gu/ | fire |
| juego | /ˈxwe.ɣo/ | jogo | /ˈʒo.gu/ | game |
| luego | /ˈlwe.ɣo/ | logo | /ˈlɔ.gu/ | soon, then |
| regla | /ˈre.ɣla/ | regra | /ˈʁɛ.gɾɐ/ | rule |
| alguno | /al.ˈɣu.no/ | algum | /aɫ.ˈgũ/ | some |
| pagana | /pa.ˈɣa.na/ | pagana | /pɐ.ˈgɐ.nɐ/ | pagan |
| pagano | /pa.ˈɣa.no/ | pagano | /pɐ.ˈgɐ.nu/ | pagan |
| rugosa | /ru.ˈɣo.sa/ | rugosa | /ʁu.ˈgɔ.zɐ/ | wrinkled, rugged (fem) |
| gigante | /xi.ˈɣan.te/ | gigante | /ʒi.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | giant |
| negante | /ne.ˈɣan.te/ | negante | /nɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | denying |
| pagante | /pa.ˈɣan.te/ | pagante | /pɐ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | paying, payer |
| rogante | /ro.ˈɣan.te/ | rogante | /ʁu.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | asking, petitioner |
| segunda | /se.ˈɣun.da/ | segunda | /sɨ.ˈgũn.dɐ/ | second |
| segundo | /se.ˈɣun.do/ | segundo | /sɨ.ˈgũn.du/ | second |
| vagante | /ba.ˈɣan.te/ | vagante | /vɐ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | wandering, vagrant |
| elegante | /e.le.ˈɣan.te/ | elegante | /ɨ.lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | elegant |
| algún | /al.ˈɣun/ | algum | /aɫ.ˈgũ/ | some (apocopated) |
| negando | /ne.ˈɣan.do/ | negando | /nɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | denying (gerund) |
| pagando | /pa.ˈɣan.do/ | pagando | /pɐ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | paying (gerund) |
| rogando | /ro.ˈɣan.do/ | rogando | /ʁu.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | asking, begging (gerund) |
| segando | /se.ˈɣan.do/ | segando | /sɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | mowing, harvesting (gerund) |
| vagando | /ba.ˈɣan.do/ | vagando | /vɐ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | wandering (gerund) |
| alargando | /a.laɾ.ˈɣan.do/ | alargando | /ɐ.lɐɾ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | lengthening (gerund) |
| legando | /le.ˈɣan.do/ | legando | /lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.du/ | binding (gerund |
| legante | /le.ˈɣan.te/ | legante | /lɨ.ˈgɐ̃.tɨ/ | binding (rare |
| agá | /a.ˈɣa/ | agá | /ɐ.ˈga/ | agá |
| daga | /ˈda.ɣa/ | daga | /ˈda.gɐ/ | dagger |
| fugu | /ˈfu.ɣu/ | fugu | /ˈfu.gu/ | fugu, pufferfish |
| iglú | /i.ˈɣlu/ | iglu | /i.ˈglu/ | igloo |
| raga | /ˈra.ɣa/ | raga | /ˈʁa.gɐ/ | raga |
| sago | /ˈsa.ɣo/ | sago | /ˈsa.gu/ | sago, palm starch |
| sagu | /sa.ˈɣu/ | sagu | /sɐ.ˈgu/ | sagú, palm starch |
| yuga | /ˈju.ɣa/ | yuga | /ˈju.gɐ/ | yuga, cosmic age |
| aegyo | /eɣ.ˈjo/ | aegyo | /ɨg.ˈjo/ | aegyo |
| jagat | /ˈxa.ɣat/ | jagat | /ʒɐ.ˈgat/ | jagat, the world |
| lager | /ˈla.ɣeɾ/ | lager | /ˈla.gɨɾ/ | lager, bottom-fermented beer |
| ohagi | /o.ˈa.ɣi/ | ohagi | /u.ˈa.gi/ | ohagi, sweet rice ball |
| yogur | /ʝo.ˈɣuɾ/ | iogurte | /jɔ.ˈguɾ.tɨ/ | yogurt |
| iguana | /iɣ.ˈwa.na/ | iguana | /ig.ˈwa.nɐ/ | iguana |
| ikigai | /i.ki.ˈɣa.i/ | ikigai | /i.ki.ˈga.i/ | ikigai, "reason for being" |
| jaguar | /xaɣ.ˈwaɾ/ | jaguar | /ʒɐg.ˈwaɾ/ | jaguar |
| jjigae | /ˈtʃi.ɣe/ | jjigae | /ˈʃi.gɨ/ | jjigae, Korean stew |
| nigiri | /ni.ˈɣi.ɾi/ | nigiri | /ni.ˈgi.ɾi/ | nigiri, hand-pressed sushi |
| rakugo | /ˈra.ku.ɣo/ | rakugo | /ˈʁa.ku.gu/ | rakugo, comic storytelling |
| bulgogi | /bul.ˈgo.ɣi/ | bulgogi | /buɫ.ˈgo.gi/ | bulgogi, grilled beef |
| karaage | /ka.ˈɾa.a.ɣe/ | karaage | /kɐ.ˈɾa.ɐ.gɨ/ | karaage |
| onigiri | /o.ni.ˈɣi.ɾi/ | onigiri | /u.ni.ˈgi.ɾi/ | onigiri |
| origami | /o.ɾi.ˈɣa.mi/ | origami | /u.ɾi.ˈga.mi/ | origami |
| wagashi | /wa.ˈɣa.ʃi/ | wagashi | /wɐ.ˈga.ʃi/ | wagashi |
| kakigori | /ka.ˈki.ɣo.ɾi/ | kakigori | /kɐ.ˈki.gu.ɾi/ | kakigori, shaved ice |
| burgo | /ˈbuɾ.ɣo/ | burgo | /ˈbuɾ.gu/ | town (archaic, retained in placenames) |
| sago | /ˈsa.ɣo/ | sagu | /sɐ.ˈgu/ | sago, palm starch |
| sagu | /sa.ˈɣu/ | sago | /ˈsa.gu/ | sagú, palm starch |
| yoga | /ˈʝo.ɣa/ | ioga | /ˈjɔ.gɐ/ | yoga |
| shogi | /ˈʃo.ɣi/ | shogi | /ˈʃɔ.gi/ | shogi, Japanese chess |
| qigong | /tʃi.ˈɣoŋ/ | qigong | /tʃi.ˈgõ/ | qigong |
| shogun | /ʃo.ˈɣun/ | xogum | /ʃu.ˈgũ/ | shogun, military dictator |
| tregua | /ˈtɾeɣ.wa/ | trégua | /ˈtɾɛ.gwɐ/ | truce |
| pierogi | /pje.ˈɾo.ɣi/ | pierogi | /pjɨ.ˈɾɔ.gi/ | pierogi |
/g/⟨gu⟩ → /g/4 pairs
source/g/
→ /g/⟨g⟩ · 2
outcome/g/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sangre | /ˈsaŋ.gɾe/ | sangue | /ˈsɐ̃.gɨ/ | blood |
| geisha | /ˈge.i.ʃa/ | gueixa | /ˈge.i.ʃɐ/ | geisha, traditional entertainer |
→ /g/⟨gu⟩ · 2
outcome/g/
| Spanish | ES IPA | Portuguese | PT IPA | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| guisar | /gi.ˈsaɾ/ | guisar | /gi.ˈzaɾ/ | to cook, stew |
| guerra | /ˈge.ra/ | guerra | /ˈgɛ.ʁɐ/ | war |